nephrological การใช้

Other areas of surgery also have pediatric specialties of their own that require further training during the residencies and in a fellowship : pediatric cardiothoracic ( surgery on the child's heart and / or lungs, including heart and / or lung transplantation ), pediatric nephrological surgery ( surgery on the child's kidneys and ureters, including renal, or kidney, transplantation ), pediatric neurosurgery ( surgery on the child's brain, central nervous system, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves ), pediatric urological surgery ( surgery on the child's urinary bladder and other structures below the kidney necessary for ejaculation ), pediatric emergency surgery, surgery involving fetuses or embryos ( overlapping with obstetric / gynecological surgery, neonatology, and maternal-fetal medicine ), surgery involving adolescents or young adults, pediatric hepatological ( liver ) and gastrointestinal ( stomach and intestines ) surgery ( including liver and intestinal transplantation in children ), pediatric orthopedic surgery ( muscle and bone surgery in children ), pediatric plastic and reconstructive surgery ( such as for burns, or for congenital defects like cleft palate not involving the major organs ), and pediatric oncological ( childhood cancer ) surgery.