scienter การใช้

That inference contradicts our usual practice of giving strict effect to scienter provisions.
Respondents point to this language as an unambiguous revelation that Congress omitted a scienter requirement.
A more formal, generally synonymous legal term is scienter : intent or knowledge of wrongdoing.
Also held by the Supreme Court is that scienter is not an element of franchise fraud.
Once again applying the background rule of scienter, the latter reasonable and permissible reading was preferred.