substratal การใช้

The substratal elements in the languages are mostly 300 words are considered by many linguists to be of substratum origin.
This typologically extraordinary inventory appears to result from extended contact influence from substratal and superstratal languages, due to long-running bilinguality.
The effects of accent, which may or may not have been substratal, together with Norse influence is perhaps the most accepted hypothesis explaining inflexion attrition.
The substratum-superstratum distinction becomes awkward when multiple superstrata must be assumed ( such as in Papiamentu ), when the substratum cannot be identified, or when the presence or the survival of substratal evidence is inferred from mere typological analogies.
This anomaly has led Whistler ( cited by Golla 2007 : 76 ) to suggest, " The vocabulary distinctive of some of the Delta Yokuts dialects may reflect substratal influence from pre-proto-Yokuts or from an extinct Yok-Utian language . " Golla ( 2007 : 77 ) suggests that a " pre-proto-Yokuts " homeland was in the Great Basin, citing a rich plant and animal vocabulary for a dry environment and a close connection between Yokuts basketry styles and those of prehistoric central Nevada.