subcutaneous emphysemas การใช้

• Complications may include hemorrhage, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax.
• When chest tube clogging occurs, the pneumothorax or subcutaneous emphysema can recur.
• It is not unusual for subcutaneous emphysema to result from positive pressure ventilation.
• An endotracheal tube can puncture the trachea or bronchi and cause subcutaneous emphysema.
• Extension of the mediastinal air to the subcutaneous tissues via the fascial planes may lead to subcutaneous emphysema.
• Spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema is thought to result from increased pressures in the lung that cause alveoli to rupture.
• Complications such as pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, or subcutaneous emphysema can occur if these chest tubes become clogged.
• One of the main causes of subcutaneous emphysema, along with pneumothorax, is an improperly functioning chest tube.
• Subcutaneous emphysema is present just to the right of the cervical spine immediately above the apex of the right lung.
• Consequent injuries may include arterial gas embolism, pneumothorax, mediastinal, interstitial and subcutaneous emphysemas, not usually all at the same time.
• Hours to days later, pleural effusion ( s ) with or without pneumothorax, widened mediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema are typically seen.
• Thus subcutaneous emphysema is often a sign that something is wrong with a chest tube; it may be clogged, clamped, or out of place.
• Damage to the airways can cause subcutaneous emphysema ( air trapped in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin ) in the abdomen, chest, neck, and head.
• It carries a number of risks of serious complications, including scrotal cellulitis and subcutaneous emphysema, and possibly fatal complications such as Fournier's gangrene or air embolism.
• Subcutaneous emphysema ( crepitation ) is an important diagnostic finding but is not very sensitive, being present in only 9 of 34 patients ( 27 percent ) in one series.
• Mackler's triad includes chest pain, vomiting, and subcutaneous emphysema, and while it is a classical presentation, it is only present in 14 % of people.
• Since mechanical ventilation can worsen a pneumothorax, it can force air into the tissues; when subcutaneous emphysema occurs in a ventilated patient, it is an indication that the ventilation may have caused a pneumothorax.
• In spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema, air travels from the ruptured alveoli into the interstitium and along the blood vessels of the lung, into the mediastinum and from there into the tissues of the neck or head.
• When airways are damaged, air can escape from them and be trapped in the surrounding tissues in the neck ( subcutaneous emphysema ) and mediastinum ( pneumomediastinum ); if it builds up to high enough pressures there, it can compress the airways.
• The presence of subcutaneous emphysema in a person who appears quite ill and febrile after bout of vomiting followed by left chest pain is very suggestive of the diagnosis of Boerhaave's syndrome, which is a life-threatening emergency caused by rupture of the distal esophagus.