acetanilide การใช้

• These included acetanilide, phenacetin, and paracetamol ( acetaminophen ).
• Together with Julius Axelrod, he discovered that acetanilide and phenacetin both metabolize to paracetamol.
• However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses.
• Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right.
• The occasional reports of acetanilide-induced cyanosis prompted the search for supposedly less toxic aniline derivatives, such as phenacetin.
• The first of these three papers summarized these theories, and reexamined the proportion of various acetanilide metabolites in human urine.
• Of far greater impact was the second paper in this series, showing that paracetamol was a metabolite of acetanilide in the blood.
• According to another source a more controlled nitration of aniline starts with the formation of acetanilide by reaction with acetic anhydride followed by the actual nitration.
• Acetanilide is no longer used as a drug in its own right, although the success of its metabolite  paracetamol ( acetaminophen )  is well known.
• Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol.
• Although more than half a century had passed since acetanilide was first used clinically, there was wide-ranging disagreement concerning its metabolism, and numerous theories had been postulated.
• Benzene, toluene, tert-butylbenzene, halo-benzenes, " ortho "-nitrotoluene, anisole, phenol and acetanilide are all rapidly nitrated within 30 minutes at room temperature.
• Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A . Cahn and P . Hepp in 1886.
• But this ingredient change probably killed more of the nostrum's users than the original narcotics did, since acetanilide not only caused an alarming cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia but was later discovered to cause liver and kidney damage.
• In 1946-1947, while studying at Yale, he coauthored with Leon Greenberg a series of three papers on acetanilide, an analgesic that was still in use at the time, aiming to establish why it caused methemoglobinemia.
• After several conflicting results over the ensuing fifty years, it was ultimately established in 1948 that acetanilide was mostly USAN : acetaminophen ) in the human body, and that it was this metabolite that was responsible for its analgesic and antipyretic properties.
• After several moderately successful compound drugs that mainly utilized aspirin ( " Anadin " and " Excedrin " ), Bayer Ltd's manager Laurie Spalton ordered an investigation of a substance that scientists at Yale had, in 1946, found to be the metabolically active derivative of acetanilide : acetaminophen.
• In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the " Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics ", Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor.
• When journalists and physicians began focusing on the narcotic contents of the patent medicines, some of their makers began replacing the opium tincture laudanum with acetanilide, a particularly toxic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic as well as antipyretic properties that had been introduced into medical practice under the name " Antifebrin " by A . Cahn and P . Hepp in 1886.