argemone การใช้

• Argemone seeds yield approximately 35 % oil.
• Alkaloid content in argemone oil varies from 0.44 % to 0.50 %.
• An " Argemone mexicana " tea is used by traditional healers in Mali to treat malaria.
• Several lines of evidence have been shown to explain the mechanism of toxicity of argemone oil / alkaloid.
• Samples tested in government laboratories found it contained the seeds of a weed, Argemone mexicana, which often grows in mustard fields.
• Sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine are two major toxic alkaloids of argemone oil, which cause widespread capillary dilatation, proliferation and increased capillary permeability.
• Long-term follow-up studies are scanty so the long-term effects of argemone oil toxicity have not been documented.
• Argemone seeds find use as a substitute because of the easy availability, low cost and their complete miscibility of their oil with mustard oil.
• The earliest reference to argemone oil poisoning was made by Lyon, who reported four cases of poisoning in Calcutta in 1877 from the use of this oil in food.
• Another study found that use of " Argemone mexicana " may be a suitable first-aid treatment in rural areas when access to other better antimalarials is delayed.
• Apart from a South African study, where the epidemic occurred through contamination in wheat flour, all the epidemics occurred through the consumption of mustard oil contaminated with argemone oil.
• Other poppy species, such as " Papaver rhoeas " and " Papaver argemone ", are important agricultural weeds, and may be mistaken for the crop.
• "Argemone mexicana " ( family Papaveraceae ), a native of West Indies and naturalized in India, is known as  Shailkanta in Bengal and  Bharbhanda in Uttar Pradesh.
• The retention of sanguinarine in the GI tract, liver, lung, kidney, heart, and serum even after 96 hrs of exposure indicates these as the likely target sites of argemone oil toxicity.
• When mustard oil is adulterated deliberately ( as in most cases ) or accidentally with argemone oil, proteinuria ( specifically loss of albumin ) occurs, with a resultant edema as would occur in nephrotic syndrome.
• It has also been found in five common weeds including the Mexican pricklepoppy ( " Argemone mexicana " ) and the invasive weed, Tropical soda apple ( " Solanum viarum " ).
• Adulteration of argemone seeds in light yellow colored mustard seeds ( " Brassica compestris " ) can easily be detected, but these seeds are rather difficult to visualize when mixed with dark coloured mustard seeds.
• ""'Argemone albiflora " "', the "'white prickly poppy "', also known as the bluestem prickly poppy or the Texas prickly poppy, is a small erect plant with a decorative white flower with a yellow latex.
• Since then, epidemic dropsy has been reported from Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Assam, J & K, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Delhi and Maharashtra, mainly due to consumption of food cooked in argemone oil mixed with mustard oil or occasionally by body massage with contaminated oil.
• "' ROS and Oxidative stress "': Studies in the blood of dropsy patients has revealed that there is extensive ROS production ( singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide ) in the argemone oil intoxication leading to depletion of total antioxidants in the body and especially lipid-soluble antioxidants such as vitamin E and A ( tocopherol and retinol ).