axoneme การใช้

• The dynein in the axoneme forms bridges between neighbouring microtubule doublets.
• Radial spokes are T-shaped structures present inside the axoneme.
• The radial spoke is another protein complex of the axoneme.
• They also have a heteromorphic pair of central microtubules in the anterior axoneme.
• Basal body serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules.
• Activation promotes basal body trafficking, docking at the apical membrane and subsequent axoneme growth.
• Besides the microtubules, the axoneme contains many proteins and protein complexes necessary for its function.
• Each dynein molecule thus forms a cross-bridge between two adjacent microtubules of the ciliary axoneme.
• Undulipodia are an extension of the cell membrane containing both cytoplasm and a regular arrangement of microtubules known as an axoneme.
• In testicular sperm, the defect was only rarely observed, suggesting that instability of a normally formed axoneme occurred during sperm maturation.
• A " tubulin acetyltransferase " is located in the axoneme, and acetylates the ?-tubulin subunit in an assembled microtubule.
• The majority of epididymal axonemes showed structural defects, most commonly loss of a single microtubule doublet at a conserved position within the axoneme.
• Thought to be important in regulating the motion of the axoneme, this " T "-shape complex projects from each set of outer doublets toward the central microtubules.
• The microtubules of the flagellar axoneme lie in the normal 9 + 2 arrangement, orientated with the + at the anterior end and the-in the basal body.
• Radial spoke protein complexes form part of the axoneme of eukaryotic flagella and are located between the axoneme's outer ring of doublet microtubules and central pair of microtubules.
• Radial spoke protein complexes form part of the axoneme of eukaryotic flagella and are located between the axoneme's outer ring of doublet microtubules and central pair of microtubules.
• The spoke stalk binds to the A-tubule of each microtubule outer doublet, and the spoke head faces in towards the center of the axoneme ( see illustration at right ).
• When this is carried out in a synchronized fashion, with the microtubules on one side of the axoneme being pulled'down'and those on the other side pulled'up,'the axoneme as a whole can bend back and forth.
• When this is carried out in a synchronized fashion, with the microtubules on one side of the axoneme being pulled'down'and those on the other side pulled'up,'the axoneme as a whole can bend back and forth.
• Each heavy chain has a globular motor domain with a doughnut-shaped structure believed to resemble that of other AAA proteins, a coiled coil " stalk " that binds to the microtubule, and an extended tail ( or " stem " ) that attaches to a neighboring microtubule of the same axoneme.