cryptophyte การใช้

• Cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes.
• Inside cryptophyte chloroplasts is a pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two.
• This Geophyte ( Cryptophyte ) forms bulbs as resting buds.
• Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast.
• Cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
• Members of the genus " Dinophysis " have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte.
• Haptophytes are similar and closely related to cryptophytes, and are thought to be the first chromalveolates to branch off.
• The first anion-conducting channelrhodopsins were engineered from the cation-conducting cryptophyte algae ( " Guillardia theta, Proteomonas sulcata " ).
• Secondary plastids are surrounded by three ( in euglenophytes and some dinoflagellates ) or four membranes ( in haptophytes, heterokonts, cryptophytes, and chlorarachniophytes ).
• Other organisms whose evolutionary history suggests secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga also use storage polymers similar to floridean starch, for example, dinoflagellates and cryptophytes.
• Large ejectisomes, visible under the light microscope, are associated with the pocket; smaller ones occur underneath the periplast, the cryptophyte-specific cell surrounding.
• It derives its name from the resemblance it bears to plants in the genus " Oenothera " . " Ipomoea oenotherae " is a succulent and a cryptophyte.
• The endosymbiotic acquisition of a eukaryote cell is represented in the cryptophytes; where the remnant nucleus of the red algal symbiont ( the nucleomorph ) is present between the two inner and two outer plastid membranes.
• However, the cryptophyte is not an endosymbiont only the chloroplast seems to have been taken, and the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast.
• The chloroplasts of euglenids and chlorarachniophytes appear to be captured green algae, whereas those of other photosynthetic eukaryotes, such as heterokont algae, cryptophytes, haptophytes, and dinoflagellates, appear to be captured red algae.
• The unusual autotrophic property was discovered in 2006 when genetic sequencing revealed that the photosynthesising organelles, plastids, were derived from the principal food of the ciliate, the photosynthetic algae called cryptomonads ( or cryptophytes ).
• "' Phycoerythrin "'( PE ) is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, present in red algae and cryptophytes, accessory to the main chlorophyll pigments responsible for photosynthesis.
• Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and Cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria don't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes, and keep them in their thylakoid space instead.
• SecY is also encoded in the chloroplast genome of some algae where it could be involved in a prokaryotic-like protein export system across the two membranes of the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum ( CER ) which is present in chromophyte and cryptophyte algae.
• Cryptophyte chloroplasts require their nucleomorph to maintain themselves, and " Dinophysis " species grown in cell culture alone cannot survive, so it is possible ( but not confirmed ) that the " Dinophysis " chloroplast is a kleptoplast if so, " Dinophysis " chloroplasts wear out and " Dinophysis " species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones.