duodenoscopes การใช้

• The FDA issued a safety communication " Design of ERCP Duodenoscopes May Impede Effective Cleaning " in February 2015, which was updated in December 2015.
• Cases of hospital acquired infections with carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae linked to incompletely disinfected duodenoscopes have occurred in the U . S . since at least 2009 per the FDA . Outbreaks were reported from Virginia Mason Hospital in Seattle in 2013, UCLA Health System Los Angeles in 2015, Chicago and Pittsburgh.