dynorphin การใช้

• Dynorphin plays a role in the eating behavior of hibernating animals.
• Forced swim stress increases the levels of dynorphin A in the hippocampus.
• They found that dynorphin levels increased during the starvation periods.
• A study by Lai et al . found that dynorphin might actually stimulate pain.
• Thus, the CREB-dynorphin pathway regulates mood as well as cocaine rewards.
• Dynorphin has been implicated as an appetite stimulant.
• Opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, can reverse the effects of elevated dynorphin.
• Berman et al . studied the levels of dynorphin during periods of food restriction.
• Thus, dynorphin may cause overeating when a high-fat diet is available.
• Dynorphin may play a role in the inhibition of dopamine release via kappa opioid receptors.
• A multiple pathway system might help explain the conflicting effects of dynorphin in the CNS.
• A number of studies in rats have shown that increasing the dynorphin levels stimulates eating.
• Other studies have identified a role for dynorphin and kappa opioid receptor stimulation in neuropathic pain.
• There is also evidence suggesting that increased amounts of dynorphin can protect humans from cocaine addiction.
• They found that endogenous opioids, such as dynorphin, stimulate appetite and decrease energy expenditure.
• It also increases allodynia by interfering with the action of the ?-opioid peptide dynorphin.
• The peptide was called dynorphin ( from the Greek dynamis = power ) to describe its potency.
• Because of its role in mediating dysphoria, dynorphin has also been investigated in relation to depression.
• As described previously, CREB increases transcription of prodynorphin, which gives rise to different dynorphin subtypes.
• In addition, blocking dynorphin would enhance dopamine signaling and thus reduce depressive symptoms associated with stress.