enterobactin การใช้

• Enterobactin can extract iron even from the air.
• Like the binding catechol, enterobactin is thought to also have a three-fold symmetry dissecting the metal center.
• This would allow FepA to transport ferric-enterobactin without allowing ions and small molecules from passing in either direction.
• In general, it has also been found that enterobactin siderophores are extremely effective in solubilizing actinide oxides of plutonium.
• Siderophores are amongst the strongest binders to Fe 3 + known, with enterobactin being one of the strongest of these.
• As a result of infection it is secreted by both macrophages and hepatocytes, enterobactin being scavenged from the extracellular space.
• The combination of charge-specificity and size restriction of the barrel makes FepA import highly specific for ferric-enterobactin.
• Due to the extreme iron binding affinity of enterobactin, it is necessary to cleave FeEnt with ferrienterobactin esterase to remove the iron.
• Pathogens use siderophores, such as Enterobactin, to scavenge iron that is in complex with high-affinity iron-binding proteins or erythrocytes.
• When enterobactin binds ferric iron, this both alters the 3-dimensional conformation of the molecule and changes the charge from neutral to negative 3.
• Because no energy is directly available to the outer membrane, the energy to drive the transport of ferric-enterobactin by FepA originates from the TonB.
• Siderocalin ( lipocalin 2 ) has 3 positively charged residues also located in the hydrophobic pocket, and these create a high affinity binding site for iron ( III )  enterobactin.
• Enterobactin is the strongest siderophore known, binding to the ferric ion ( Fe 3 + ) with the chelating even in environments where the concentration of ferric ion is held very low, such as within living organisms.
• Siderophore decomposition or other biological mechanisms can also release iron ., especially in the case of catecholates such as ferric-enterobactin, whose reduction potential is too low for reducing agents such as flavin adenine dinucleotide, hence enzymatic degradation is needed to release the iron.
• The reduction potential for Fe 3 + / Fe 2 + & ndash; enterobactin complex is pH dependent and varies from & minus; 0.57 V ( vs NHE ) at pH 6 to & minus; 0.79 V at pH 7.4 to & minus; 0.99 at pH values higher than 10.4.