entoproct การใช้

• This places early entoprocts in the period of the Cambrian explosion.
• Entoprocts are small and have been little studied by zoologists.
• However, a study in 2008 concluded that entoprocts are closely related to bryozoans.
• In their opinion, the earliest fossil entoprocts were specimens they found from Late Jurassic rocks in England.
• Most studies from 1996 onwards have regarded entoprocts as members of the Trochozoa, which also includes molluscs and annelids.
• Fossils of entoprocts are very rare, and the earliest specimens that have been identified with confidence date from the Late Jurassic.
• A series of molecular phylogeny studies from 1996 to 2006 have also concluded that bryozoans ( ectoprocts ) and entoprocts are not sister groups.
• Harrison suggests that the little pandora may be a " missing link " between two known phyla of marine organisms, called the entoprocts and the ectoprocts.
• Small colonies of the freshwater entoproct " Urnatella gracilis " have been found living on the aquatic larvae of the dobsonfly " Corydalus cornutus ".
• Nielsen has pointed out many similarities between the cyphonautes and the larvae of entoprocts, thereby supporting an argument that these animals are the sister phylum to the ectoprocts.
• Instead, it concluded that brachiopods and phoronids formed a monophyletic group, but bryozoans ( ectoprocts ) were closest to entoprocts, supporting the original definition of " Bryozoa ".
• However, two well-known zoologists, Claus Nielsen and Thomas Cavalier-Smith, maintain on anatomical and developmental grounds that bryozoans and entoprocts are member of the same phylum, Bryozoa.
• An analysis in 2008 re-introduced the pre-1869 meaning of the term " Bryozoa ", for a group in which entoprocts and ectoprocts are each other's closest relatives.
• Recently, the Maotianshan Shales fossil, " Cotyledion tylodes ", has been reevaluated as being an ancient, sclerite-bearing entoproct ( originally having been identified as a putative carpoid echinoderm ).
• In entoprocts, downstream collecting is carried out by the same bands of cilia that generate the current; trochozoan larvae also use downstream collecting, but use a separate set of cilia to trap food particles.
• The consensus of studies from 1996 onwards has been that entoprocts are part of the Trochozoa, a protostome " superphylum " whose members are united in having as their most basic larval form the trochophore type.
• Entoprocts use a similar-looking crown of tentacles, but it is solid and the flow runs from bases to tips, forming a " downstream collecting " system that catches food particles as they are about to exit.
• Mineralized skeletons of bryozoans first appear in rocks from Early Ordovician morphological and molecular phylogeny analyses disagree over bryozoans'relationships with entoprocts, about whether bryozoans should be grouped with brachiopods and phoronids in Lophophorata, and whether bryozoans should be considered protostomes or deuterostomes.
• In 1992 J . A . Todd and P . D . Taylor concluded that " Dinomischus " was not an entoproct, because it did not have the typical rounded, flexible tentacles, and the fossils showed no other features that clearly resembled those of entoprocts.
• In 1992 J . A . Todd and P . D . Taylor concluded that " Dinomischus " was not an entoproct, because it did not have the typical rounded, flexible tentacles, and the fossils showed no other features that clearly resembled those of entoprocts.