excitotoxic การใช้

• Persons in excitotoxic shock must never fall into hypoglycemia.
• Such damage and death of neurons is referred to as an excitotoxic lesion.
• Treatment is administered during the acute stages of excitotoxic shock along with glutamate antagonists.
• In the hippocampus, GABAergic neurons have been found vulnerable to excitotoxic action of glutamate at the kainate receptor.
• Following initial impact, glutamate levels rise and cause excitotoxic damage in a process that has been well characterized.
• Con-G reduces the strength of excitotoxic intracellular Ca 2 + actions and blocks different neuronal injuries in vitro.
• These two forms of glutamate release cause a continual domino effect of excitotoxic cell death and further increased extracellular glutamate concentrations.
• Conditions such as exposure to excitotoxins, old age, congenital predisposition, and brain trauma can trigger glutamate receptor activation and ensuing excitotoxic neurodegeneration.
• Patients should be given 5 % glucose ( dextrose ) IV drip during excitotoxic shock to avoid a dangerous build up of glutamate around NMDA and AMPA neurons.
• Memantine only blocks NMDA receptor associated channels during prolonged activation of the receptor, as it occurs under excitotoxic conditions, by replacing magnesium at the binding site.
• Recent studies have been performed that incorporate glutamate receptor antagonists and excitotoxic cascade disruptors in order to decrease stimulation of postsynaptic neurons, although these treatments are still undergoing active research.
• A second hypothesis has been generated based on data that suggest GAL is involved in protecting the hippocampus from excitotoxic damage and the neurons in the cholinergic basal forebrain from amyloid toxicity.
• Excitotoxic lesions in the nucleus accumbens core have been shown to increase preference for the smaller, immediate reward, whereas lesions to the nucleus accumbens shell have had no observable effect.
• For instance, it binds less tightly to the cytoskeleton than the other isozymes do, likely due to its more acidic hypoxia and in the resistance of cerebellar Purkinje cells against excitotoxic insult.
• It is an excitotoxic neurotoxin " in vivo ", but has proved highly useful for characterising the subtypes and function of the various kainate receptors in the brain and spinal cord.
• :Excitotoxic mechanisms are often involved in other conditions leading to neuronal damage, including hypoglycemia, trauma, stroke, seizures, and many neurodegenerative diseases, and thus have important implications in disease treatment.
• Therefore, it appears that, since GCPII is exclusively recruited for the purpose of providing a glutamate source in hyperglutamatergic and excitotoxic conditions, this could be an alternative to avert these side-effects.
• At a meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in 1990, the delegates had a split opinion on the issues related to neurotoxic effects from excitotoxic amino acids found in some additives such as monosodium glutamate.
• Olney, a longtime campaigner for greater regulation of MSG, believes that primates are susceptible to excitotoxic damage, and other studies have shown that humans concentrate excitotoxins in the blood more than other animals.
• Con-G shows potential as a neuroprotective agent in ischemic and excitotoxic brain injury, neuronal apoptosis, pain, epilepsy, and as a research tool in drug addiction and Alzheimer's disease.