facework การใช้

• Integrating facework focuses on content resolution and maintaining the relationship.
• Individualistic cultures are more likely to use restorative facework than collectivistic cultures.
• There are three prevalent facework strategies : dominating, avoiding, and integrating.
• Restorative facework attempts to repair face that was lost.
• In terms of interpersonal communication, Facework refers to an individual s communicative interactions.
• Collectivistic cultures operate in a more indirect, high context facework emphasizing nonverbal subtleties.
• Preventative facework is an attempt to minimize face-loss before the threat occurs.
• Avoiding facework attempts to preserve harmony in the relationship by dealing with the conflict indirectly.
• Dominating facework is characterized by trying to maintain a credible image with the goal of winning the conflict.
• To be mindful of intercultural facework differences, we have to learn to see the unfamiliar behavior from a fresh context.
• Along the face concern / orientation dimension, facework is at play before ( preventative ), during, and after ( restorative ) the situation.
• On a broad level, individualistic cultures operate with a more direct, low-context facework with importance placed on verbal communication and nonverbal gestures for emphasis.
• Thus, the Face-Negotiation Theory views conflict, intercultural conflict in particular, as a situation that demands active facework management from the two interdependent conflict parties.
• Facework is defined as clusters of communicative behaviors that are used to enact self-face and to uphold, challenge / threaten, or support the other person's face.
• The five interaction skills that can transform the knowledge and mindfulness dimensions to a concrete level are : mindful listening, mindful observation, facework management, trust-building and collaborative dialogue.
• Building block concepts include : ( 1 ) individualism-collectivism, ( 2 ) power distance . ( 3 ) two contrastive " self / face " models, and ( 4 ) facework communication styles.
• Facework differs from conflict styles by employing face-saving strategies which can be used prior to, during, or after a conflict episode and can be used in a variety of identity-threatening and identity-protection situations.
• The steel framed building with reinforced concrete walls and facework in brick and terracotta, was designed by the Brisbane architectural firm of Wunderlich supplied the terracotta tiles used on the truncated corner as well as pressed metal and fibrous cement ceilings.
• Masumoto, Oetzel, Takai, Ting-Toomey, & Yokochi ( 2000 ) defined " facework " as " the communicative strategies one uses to enact self-face and to uphold, support, or challenge another person's face ".
• Ting-Toomey asserts that several conditions must be perceived as severe in order for a negotiator to feel his face is threatened; the importance of the culturally approved facework that is violated, feelings of mistrust because of a large distance between cultures, the importance of the conflict topic, the power distance between the two parties, and the perception of the parties as outgroup members are all conditions which must be made salient for face-threatening communication to occur.