gssg การใช้

• An increased GSSG-to-GSH ratio is considered indicative of oxidative stress.
• This narrow balance is maintained by glutathione reductase, which catalyzes the reduction of GSSG to GSH.
• Glutathione reductase ( GR ) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide ( GSSG ) to glutathione ( GSH ).
• Before his work with GSSG, Humphrey served as the head of Citigroup s Distressed Debt Trading Group from 1999 to 2004.
• In the process, glutathione is converted to its oxidized form, glutathione disulfide ( GSSG ), also called L-(  )-glutathione.
• GSH can be regenerated from GSSG by the enzyme glutathione reductase ( GSR ) : NADPH reduces FAD present in GSR to produce a transient FADH-anion.
• For instance, glutathione peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of GSH to glutathione disulfide ( GSSG ) by reducing free radicals and reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide.
•  Glutathione, along with oxidized glutathione ( GSSG ) and NMDA and AMPA receptors ( via their ?-glutamyl moieties ), and may be endogenous neuromodulators.
• He founded The Jersey Group in 1994, which is now known as the Ghanim Bin Saad Al Saad & Sons Holdings ( GSSG ) Group and which was incorporated it in 2007.
• Major transport into the blood stream is driven by an electrochemical gradient, specifically through the transport proteins RcGshT and RsGshT . Similarly, bile is a medium in which GSH and GSSG is exported to.
• In healthy cells and tissue, more than 90 % of the total glutathione pool is in the reduced form ( GSH ) and less than 10 % exists in the disulfide form ( GSSG ).
• Furthermore, it has been shown that the ability to reduce or rearrange incorrect disulfide bonds in missfolded proteins is provided by the oxidation of reduced glutathione ( GSH ) to oxidized glutathione ( GSSG ).
• GSSG includes over 30 companies around the world and spans real estate, manufacturing, contracting, engineering, information technology and telecommunications, aviation, automobiles, oil & gas, education, fitness, hospitality and fashion.
• GSNOR reduces S-nitrosoglutathione ( GSNO ) to the unstable intermediate, S-hydroxylaminoglutathione, which then rearranges to form glutathione sulfinamide, or in the presence of GSH, forms oxidized glutathione ( GSSG ) and hydroxyl amine.
• However, during oxidative stress or toxic insults that can result in the depletion of cellular GSH or its oxidation to glutathione disulfide ( GSSG ), the function of any monomeric GCLC in the cell is likely to become quite important.
• In the oxidative half of the meachanism, Cys 63 nucleophilically attacks the nearest sulfide unit in the GSSG molecule ( promoted by His 467 ), which creates a mixed disulfide bond ( GS-Cys 58 ) and a GS  " anion.
• Glutathione, along with oxidized glutathione ( GSSG ) and S-nitrosoglutathione ( GSNO ), have been found to bind to the glutamate recognition site of the NMDA and AMPA receptors ( via their ?-glutamyl moieties ), and may be endogenous neuromodulators.
• The ratio of GSSG / GSH present in the cell is a key factor in properly maintaining the oxidative balance of the cell, that is, it is critical that the cell maintains high levels of the reduced glutathione and a low level of the oxidized Glutathione disulfide.
• This anion then quickly breaks a disulfide bond ( Cys58-Cys63 ) and leads to Cys63's nucleophilically attacking the nearest sulfide unit in the GSSG molecule ( promoted by His467 ), which creates a mixed disulfide bond ( GS-Cys58 ) and a GS-anion.
• Under most physiological conditions, the enzyme uses energy from the mitochondrial proton gradient to produce high concentrations of NADPH . The resulting NADPH is used for biosynthesis as well as in reactions inside the mitochondria required to remove reactive oxygen species such as to retain a reduced glutathione pool ( high GSH / GSSG ratio ).