insulinotropic การใช้

• NGF is known to have insulinotropic, angiogenic, and antioxidant properties.
• Glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) is an endogenous insulinotropic peptide secreted from the gastrointestinal tract in response to food intake.
• The incretin hormones GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP ) are produced by the L and K endocrine cells of the intestine following ingestion of food.
• Gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP ), also called glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42-amino acid polypeptide synthesized by K cells of the duodenum and small intestine.
• The insulinotropic effect on pancreatic islet beta-cells was then recognized to be the principal physiologic action of GIP . Together with glucagon-like peptide-1, GIP is largely responsible for the secretion of insulin after eating.
• The two main candidate molecules that fulfill criteria for an incretin are the intestinal peptides glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) and gastric inhibitory peptide ( also known as : glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide or GIP ).
• After this discovery, some researchers prefer the new name of " glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ", while retaining the acronym " GIP . " The amount of insulin secreted is greater when glucose is administered orally than intravenously.
• The "'gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor "'( GIP-R ) also known as the "'glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor "'is a protein that in humans is encoded by the " GIPR " gene.
• Several long-lasting analogs having insulinotropic activity have been developed, and three, exenatide ( Byetta ) and liraglutide ( Victoza ), plus exenatide extended-release ( Bydureon ), have been approved for use in the U . S . The main disadvantage of these GLP-1 analogs is they must be administered by subcutaneous injection.
• The hormone GIP ( glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ) is secreted from the earlier ( proximal ) part of the small intestine in lower amounts after isomaltulose than for sucrose ingestion, whereas the hormone GLP-1 ( glucagon-like peptide-1 ) is secreted from later ( distal ) parts of the small intestine in higher amounts with isomaltulose compared with sucrose.
• Other substances known to stimulate insulin release include the amino acids arginine and leucine, parasympathetic release of acetylcholine ( acting via the phospholipase C pathway ), sulfonylurea, cholecystokinin ( CCK, also via phospholipase C ), and the gastrointestinally derived incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP ).