macrosomia การใช้

• The development of macrosomia can be evaluated during pregnancy by using sonography.
• For example, gestational diabetes can cause premature birth, macrosomia, or stillbirth.
• Macrosomia may affect 12 % of normal women compared to 20 % of women with GDM.
• The growth-stimulating effects of insulin can lead to excessive growth and a large body ( macrosomia ).
• Risks to the baby include macrosomia ( high birth weight ), congenital heart and central nervous system abnormalities, and skeletal muscle malformations.
• There are well-recognized risk factors, such as diabetes, fetal macrosomia, and maternal obesity, but it is often difficult to predict.
• A Caesarean section may be performed if there is marked fetal distress or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia, such as shoulder dystocia.
• Being or becoming overweight in pregnancy increases the risk of complications for mother and fetus, including cesarean section, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, macrosomia and shoulder dystocia.
• It is characterized by polyhydramnios and fetal overgrowth, including macrocephaly, neonatal macrosomia, visceromegaly, dysmorphic facial features, and an increased risk for Wilms'tumor at an early age.
• Difficult labor may occur because the baby is abnormally large ( macrosomia ), because the mother s pelvis or birth canal is small or deformed, or because the baby is in an breech or transverse presentation ).
• Aids to diagnosing might include the presence of macrosomia, polyhydramnios, elevated maternal serum-?-fetoprotein, cystic hygroma, hydrops fetalis, increased nuchal translucency, craniofacial abnormalities, visceromegaly, renal abnormalities, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, polydactyly, and a single umbilical artery.
• "' Macrosomia "', which literally means " big body, " is sometimes confused with LGA . Some experts consider a baby to be big when it weighs more than at birth, and others say a baby is big if it weighs more than.
• Features of post-maturity syndrome include oligohydramnios, meconium aspiration, macrosomia and fetal problems such as dry peeling skin, overgrown nails, abundant scalp hair, visible creases on palms and soles, minimal fat deposition and skin colour become green or yellow due to meconeum staining.
• Infants born to mothers with GDM are at risk of being both large for gestational age ( macrosomic ) in managed GDM . Macrosomia in turn increases the risk of instrumental deliveries ( e . g . forceps, ventouse and caesarean section ) or problems during vaginal delivery ( such as shoulder dystocia ).
• Diabetes is often detected when a person suffers a problem that may be caused by diabetes, such as a heart attack, stroke, neuropathy, poor wound healing or a foot ulcer, certain eye problems, certain fungal infections, or delivering a baby with macrosomia or hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ).
• In an attempt to standardize the classification of BWS, DeBaun et al . have defined a child as having BWS if the child has been diagnosed by a physician as having BWS and if the child has at least two of the five common features associated with BWS ( macroglossia, macrosomia, midline abdominal wall defects, ear creases / ear pits, neonatal hypoglycemia ).
• According to ACOG guidelines, the following criteria may reduce the likelihood of VBAC success but should NOT preclude a trial of labour : having two prior caesarean sections, suspected fetal macrosomia at term ( fetus greater than 4000-4500 grams in weight ), gestation beyond 40 weeks, twin gestation, and previous low vertical or unknown previous incision type, provided a classical uterine incision is not suspected.
• Though not every patient has all features, commonly found signs include macrocephaly, congenital macrosomia, extensive cutaneous capillary malformation ( naevus flammeus or port-wine stain type birthmark over much of the body; a capillary malformation of the upper lip or philtrum is seen in many patients with this condition ), body asymmetry ( also called hemihyperplasia or hemihypertrophy ), polydactyly or syndactyly of the hands and feet, lax joints, doughy skin, variable developmental delay and other neurologic problems such as seizures and low muscle tone.