methoxyflurane การใช้

• The biodegradation of methoxyflurane begins immediately after the onset of exposure.
• Older, less popular, volatile anaesthetics, include halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane.
• Similar to its induction pharmacokinetics, methoxyflurane has very slow and somewhat unpredictable emergence characteristics.
• The longest time to emergence was 285 minutes, after 165 minutes of methoxyflurane administration.
• Trials of methoxyflurane as an analgesic in emergency medicine are going on in the UK.
• Due to the risk of organ ( especially renal ) toxicity, methoxyflurane is enzyme-inducing drugs.
• Reports of severe and even fatal hepatotoxicity related to the use of methoxyflurane began to appear in 1966.
• Furthermore, the concurrent use of tetracyclines and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity.
• Fluorine-substituted ethers are volatile anesthetics, including the commercial products methoxyflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane.
• Methoxyflurane is an extremely obstetric analgesia, in a manner that foreshadowed the patient-controlled analgesia infusion pumps of today.
• With a minimum alveolar concentration ( MAC ) of 0.16 %, methoxyflurane is an extremely potent anesthetic agent.
• Miller and his team continued to develop organofluorine chemistry after the end of World War II and methoxyflurane was synthesized in 1948.
• As of 2010, methoxyflurane was listed under the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme for the initial management of pain due to acute patient transport.
• A study published in 1973 by Cousins and Mazze demonstrated that compared with halothane, methoxyflurane produces dose-dependent and deleterious abnormalities in renal function.
• In 1968, Robert Wexler of Abbott Laboratories developed the Analgizer, a disposable inhaler that allowed the self-administration of methoxyflurane vapor in air for analgesia.
• The concurrent formation of inorganic fluoride and DCAA is unique to methoxyflurane biotransformation compared with other volatile anesthetics, and this combination is more toxic than fluoride alone.
• Because of its low volatility and very high boiling point ( 104.8 癈 at 1 atmosphere ), methoxyflurane has a low vapor pressure at anesthetic vaporizers.
• This may explain why fluoride formation from methoxyflurane is associated with nephrotoxicity, while fluoride formation from other volatile anesthetics ( such as enflurane and sevoflurane ) is not.
• The obsolete ( as an anaesthetic ) agent methoxyflurane had a nephrotoxic effect and caused acute renal failure, usually attributed to the liberation of fluoride ions from its metabolism.
• The Analgizer inhaler was withdrawn in 1974, but use of methoxyflurane as a sedative and analgesic continues in Australia and New Zealand in the form of the Penthrox inhaler.