monandrous การใช้

• A monandrous flower is one that has only a single stamen.
• The flowers are monandrous in the subfamilies Vanilloideae, Orchidoideae, and Epidendroideae.
• A distinction between monandrous flowers and others is especially important in the classification of orchids.
• Like many others before him, Dressler believed that the monandrous orchids form a monophyletic group.
• The monandrous mating system has caused the evolution of a shorter life span in males of this species.
• The other species are characterized by a staminode that is homologous to the only stamen of monandrous orchids.
• This suggests that there might be a fitness barrier to increased matings, which might be why colonies are usually monandrous.
• But their single, incumbent anther and poorly organised pollinia led to their recognition as at best a subgroup of monandrous orchids.
• However, many other species of bees, including bumblebees, such as " Bombus terrestris ", are monandrous.
• All other orchid subfamilies with the exception of the Cypripedioideae are monandrous ( possessing a single stamen ), however Apostasioid orchids have 3 stamens.
• Pupal-mating butterflies like " Heliconius charatonia " are thought to be monandrous; females rarely participate in more than one mating per lifetime.
• For 18 out of 19 of the contrast points, he said, the male genitals of the polyandrous group displayed greater variability than they did in the monandrous group.
• Bank voles ( " Myodes glareolus " ) has supported the infanticide avoidance hypothesis where polyandrous females'offspring have a higher survival than monandrous females'offspring.
• This also confirmed that the subfamily Vanilloideae is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the monandrous orchids, and must have evolved very early in the evolution of the family.
• They typically contain the remaining orchids with a single, fertile anther ( = monandrous ), which is also fully incumbent ( = strongly convex ) to suberect ( = ascending towards the edges ).
• One group consisted of species that were polyandrous, in which the female copulates with many males, while the other was of species that were monandrous, in which the female mates only once in her lifetime.
• Conflict is expected between the queen and workers over the sex ratio and reproduction of males in the colony, especially in monandrous colonies where workers are more related to their own sons and nephews than to their brothers.
• However, kin theory states that in monandrous colonies, workers will be most closely related to each other, so they should spend the most time raising the queen's young, which are their full sisters.
• While there may be genetic fitness benefits in colony heterogeneity from a polyandrous mating system, bumblebees are also likely to be monandrous due to social constraints, risks associated with multiple matings, and phylogenetic inertia since the ancestral bees are singly mated.
• It is used in China and Japan commercially as a pollinator . " B . ignitus " is a eusocial insect with a queen that is monandrous-mating with only one male in the late summer before hibernating until the following spring.