monosynaptic การใช้

• The knee-jerk reflex is an example of such a monosynaptic reflex.
• The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc.
• Monosynaptic reflexes, such as the deep tendon reflexes, are not restored until Phase 3.
• Restoration of reflexes is not rostral to caudal as previously ( and commonly ) believed, but instead proceeds from polysynaptic to monosynaptic.
• Relatively simple neuronal ensembles operate in the spinal cord where they control basic automatisms such as monosynaptic tendon reflex and reciprocal innervation of muscles.
• These loops may include cortical regions of the brain as well, and are thus slower than their monosynaptic counterparts due to the greater travel time.
• Hoffman's reflex is a deep tendon reflex ( spindle fibre ) with a monosynaptic reflex pathway in Rexed lamina IX of the spinal cord.
• Muscle spindle discharges are sent to the spinal cord through afferent nerve fibers, where they activate monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs, causing the muscle to contract.
• On the other hand, increased NT-3 binding to trkB to BDNF has the opposite effect, reducing the size of monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials ( EPSPs ) and increasing polysynaptic signaling.
• As with most other reflexes, the response to the stimulus is monosynaptic, with sensory neurons of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus sending axons to the trigeminal motor nucleus, which in turn innervates the masseter.
• Mice lacking this serotonin receptor 1d, displayed lower monosynaptic reflex ( a reflex arc involving only a sensory and motor neuron ), which may be caused by a reduced response to sensory stimulation in motor neurons.
• An excellent example of this is when a mechanical stimulus is applied to the monosynaptic input from muscle spindles to the motor neuron changes readily from one part of the step cycle to another, according to whether a subject is running or walking.
• According to Suh et al . ( 2011 Science 334 : 1415 ) the projection to CA3 and dentate gyrus in mice is primarily from layer II of entorhinal cortex, and forms a trisynaptic path with hippocampus ( dentate gyrus to CA3 to CA1 ), distinguished from the direct ( monosynaptic ) perforant path from Layer III of entorhinal cortex to CA1 and subiculum.
• H-reflex is analogous to the mechanically induced spinal stretch reflex ( for example, knee jerk reflex ) . " The primary difference between the H-reflex and the spinal stretch reflex is that the H-reflex bypasses the muscle spindle, and, therefore, is a valuable tool in assessing modulation of monosynaptic reflex activity in the spinal cord . " Although stretch reflex gives just qualitative information about muscle spindles and reflex arch activity; if the purpose of the test to compare performances from different subjects, H-reflex should be used.