perlocutionary การใช้

• These were called the locutionary and perlocutionary interpretations.
• Therefore, when examining perlocutionary acts, the effect on the hearer or reader is emphasized.
• Frightening a baby by saying'Boo !'would be an example of a " perlocutionary " act.
• An act is " perlocutionary " when viewed in terms of its direct psychological effect on an audience.
• Speech acts, according to this body of theory, can be analysed on three different levels : locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary.
• Unlike the notion of illocutionary act, which describes the linguistic function of an utterance, a perlocutionary effect is in some sense external to the performance.
• Eliciting an answer is an example of what Austin calls a " perlocutionary act ", an act performed " by " saying something.
• In the perlocutionary interpretation the claim is that anything ( i . e ., anything sayable ) can be made understandable to anyone by means of that person's own language.
• Jenkins and Stuart assert that through the loss of speech, the communication in " Hush " is transformed from the senseless locutionary to the perlocutionary : acts upon which ideas are conveyed into instant meaning and action.
• For example, if a speech act is an attempt to distract someone, the illocutionary force is the attempt to distract and the perlocutionary effect is the actual distraction caused by the speech act in the interlocutor.
• In the theory of speech acts, attention has especially focused on the illocutionary act, much less on the locutionary and perlocutionary act, and only rarely on the subdivision of the locution into phone, pheme and rheme.
• In the perlocutionary interpretation, on the other hand, " the translation " should probably be thought of, not as a linguistic expression, but rather as the act of explaining that is, as a performance, mainly verbal, by the translator.
• As an example, consider the following utterance : " By the way, I have a CD of Debussy; would you like to borrow it ? " Its illocutionary function is an " offer ", while its intended perlocutionary effect might be to impress the listener, or to show a friendly attitude, or to encourage an interest in a particular type of music.
• On the other hand, with a perlocutionary act, the object of the utterance has not taken place unless the hearer deems it so for example, if one utters, " I hereby insult you, " or " I hereby persuade you, " one would not assume an insult has necessarily occurred, nor persuasion has necessarily taken place, unless the hearer were suitably offended or persuaded by the utterance.
• It is also often emphasised that Austin introduced the illocutionary act by means of a contrast with other kinds of acts or aspects of acting : the illocutionary act, he says, is an act performed " in " saying something, as contrasted with a locutionary act, the act " of " saying something, and also contrasted with a perlocutionary act, an act performed " by " saying something.
• One way to think about the difference between an illocutionary act ( e . g ., a declaration, command, or a promise ), and a perlocutionary act ( e . g ., an insult or a persuasion attempt ) is to note how in the former case, by uttering the object for example, " I hereby declare, " or " I command, " or " I hereby promise you "  the act has taken place.
• The basic goal for speech act theory is to explain how and when utterances in general are " performative " . ( 1979 : 34 ) Central to the notion of speech acts are the ideas of " illocutionary force " and perlocutionary force, both terms coined by philosopher J . L . Austin . " Illocutionary force " describes the intent of the speaker, while " perlocutionary force " means " the effect an utterance has in the world ", or more specifically, the effect on others.
• The basic goal for speech act theory is to explain how and when utterances in general are " performative " . ( 1979 : 34 ) Central to the notion of speech acts are the ideas of " illocutionary force " and perlocutionary force, both terms coined by philosopher J . L . Austin . " Illocutionary force " describes the intent of the speaker, while " perlocutionary force " means " the effect an utterance has in the world ", or more specifically, the effect on others.
• Nida and Lawrence Venuti have proved that translation studies is a much more complex discipline than may first appear, with the translator having to look beyond the text itself to deconstruct on an intra-textual level and decode on a referential level assessing culture-specific items, idiom and figurative language to achieve an understanding of the source text and embark upon creating a translation which not only transfers what words mean in a given context, but also recreates the impact of the original text within the limits of the translator's own language system ( linked to this topic : George Steiner, the Hermeneutic Motion, pragmatics, field, tenor, mode and the locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary ).