phenetic การใช้

• These do not form a clade but are a phenetic assemblage.
• Phenetic techniques include various forms of ordination.
• Many systematists continue to use phenetic methods, particularly in addressing species-level questions.
• In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on phenetic morphological characters of the taxa.
• :: : : Race can be defined cladistically by ancestry, by local maxima in genetic similiarity, by phenetic similarity.
• Rodman ( 1991a, b ) included Limnanthaceae in a twin phenetic and cladistic analysis of all 15 taxa then known to produce glucosinolates.
• A phenetic species is a set of organisms which have a similar phenotype to each other, but a different phenotype from other sets of organisms.
• Phenetic methods can also be superior to cladistics when only the " distinctness " of related taxa is important, as the computational requirements are lower.
• Unlike the often colorful Uraniinae, they are smallish and drab species, and have earlier been erroneously placed with the Geometridae or Drepanidae based on phenetic considerations.
• A 2002 reclassification by Huaman and Spooner found little phenetic support for the then-mainstream treatment of " S . phureja " as a species.
• In addition, many of the techniques developed by phenetic taxonomists have been adopted and extended by community ecologists, due to a similar need to deal with large amounts of data.
• A commonly cited reason is that distances are inherently phenetic rather than phylogenetic, in that they do not distinguish between ancestral similarity ( symplesiomorphy ) and derived similarity ( synapomorphy ).
• A phenetic analysis of the genus undertaken by Nelson in 1975 yielded results in which " A . cuneatus " was grouped with " A . stictus ".
• According to this concept, populations form the discrete phenetic clusters that we recognize as species because the ecological and evolutionary processes controlling how resources are divided up tend to produce those clusters.
• A phenetic analysis of the genus undertaken by Ernest Charles Nelson in 1975 yielded results in which the members of " A . " sect . " Eurylaema " occurred together.
• DNA DNA hybridization is among a class of comparative techniques in molecular biology that produce distance data ( versus character data ) and that can be analyzed to produce phylogenetic reconstructions only using phenetic tree-building algorithms.
• Eventually, it became common to arrange supposed species and subspecies to " species groups " ( not superspecies, but an informal phenetic arrangement ) as pioneered by E . tyndarus " and similar species ).
• However, certain phenetic methods, such as neighbor-joining, have found their way into phylogenetics, as a reasonable approximation of phylogeny when more advanced methods ( such as Bayesian inference ) are too computationally expensive.
• In a phenetic analysis, the large degree of overall similarity found among the Corvida will make them appear to be monophyletic too, but their shared traits were present in the ancestors of " all " songbirds already.
• Leonard Compagno, in his 1988 phenetic study, also grouped those species together, along with the smoothtooth blacktip shark ( " C . leiodon " ) and the finetooth shark ( " C . isodon " ).