phototactic การใช้

• Fish use NIR to capture prey and for phototactic swimming orientation.
• The larvae display mixed phototaxis, some negatively phototactic larvae are tracked.
• "Platynereis dumerilii " trochophore and metatrochophore larvae are positively phototactic.
• Some negatively phototactic larvae are tracked.
• Signals relayed from the eyespot photoreceptors result in alteration of the beating pattern of the flagella, generating a phototactic response.
• Nauplii and copepodids are positively phototactic and exhibit a daily vertical migration, rising during the day and sinking at night.
• Each organism has its own specific biological cause for a phototactic response, many of which are incidental and serve no end purpose.
• This indicates that opsin-less sponge eyes utilize cryptochrome, along with other proteins, to direct or act in eye-mediated phototactic behavior.
• Another example is the trochophore larva of " Platynereis dumerilii ", where the larval eye was ablated and the larvae was not phototactic, anymore.
• But if the adult eyes are ablated, then the nectochaete is not phototactic anymore and thus phototaxis in the nectochaete larva is mediated by the adult eyes.
• The eyes utilize photo-sensitive opsin proteins expressed in neurons to communicate information of the light environment to the nervous system, whereas sponge larvae use pigment ring eyes to mediate phototactic swimming.
• However phototaxis in the nectochaete larva of " Platynereis dumerilii " is not mediated by the larval eyes, because the larva is still phototactic, even if the larval eyes are ablated.
• Interestingly, other studies have revealed a positive phototactic response of neural cells in the presence of low level laser red and near infrared light, as well as a re-elongation of cells damaged by oxidative stress . ( 7-9 ) Together, these findings are suggestive of a simultaneous repair and growth by neural cells fuelled by ATP in response to light treatment.