protandry การใช้

• Firstly, the protandrous, but the evidence so far supports only partial protandry.
• Males have shorter development time and emerge early ( protandry ) resulting in greater fertilization opportunities.
• Conversion from male to female is called protandry; conversion from female to male is called protogyny.
• The male part of the reproductive system is developed " slightly earlier " ( protandry ) in " Bulinus jousseaumei ".
• These effects of protandry on between-flower interference may decouple the benefits of large inflorescences from the consequences of geitonogamy and pollen discounting.
• Protandry is when an individual starts out male and becomes female while the reverse condition is known as protogyny, the latter being more common.
• Another study by Jersakova and Johnson, studied the effects of protandry on the pollination process of the moth pollinated orchid,   Satyrium longicauda .
• If it does occur, protandry does nothing to prevent geitonogamous self-pollination : that is, pollination with pollen from another flower on the same plant.
• They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.
• Protandry may be particularly relevant to this compromise, because it often results in an inflorescence structure with female phase flowers positioned below male phase flowers ( Bertin & Newman, 1993 ).
• They discovered that protandry tended to reduce the absolute levels of self-pollination and suggest that the evolution of protandry could be driven by the consequences of the pollination process for male mating success.
• They discovered that protandry tended to reduce the absolute levels of self-pollination and suggest that the evolution of protandry could be driven by the consequences of the pollination process for male mating success.
• Moreover, the question of protandry of individual flowers is probably irrelevant, because the sequential anthesis of flowers means that each inflorescence will typically contain flowers in both male and female stages at the same time.
• In many " Banksia " species, the risk of this occurring is reduced by protandry : a delay in a flower's receptivity to pollen until after its own pollen has lost its viability.
• The downside of this pollination strategy is that the probability of self-fertilisation is greatly increased; many Proteaceae counter this with strategies such as protandry, self-incompatibility, or preferential abortion of selfed seed.
• Given the tendency of many insect pollinators to forage upwards through inflorescences ( Galen & Plowright, 1988 ), protandry may enhance pollen export by reducing between-flower interference ( Darwin, 1862; Harder et al ., 2000 ).