psithyrus การใช้

• In addition, they also face invasion by the parasitic " Psithyrus " bees.
• Upon emerging from their cocoons, the " Psithyrus " males and females disperse and mate.
• Among the few exceptions, which are indeed fed by adult hosts, are cuckoo bumblebees in the subgenus " Psithyrus ".
• "Psithyrus " was historically considered a separate genus from " Bombus " due to the significant biological and morphological differences associated with its parasitic life cycle.
• The males do not survive the winter but, like nonparasitic bumblebee queens, " Psithyrus " females find suitable locations to spend the winter and enter diapause after mating.
• After its initial classification as " Psithyrus vestalis ", this bumblebee recently was reclassified into the genus " Bombus ", subgenus " Psithyrus ".
• After its initial classification as " Psithyrus vestalis ", this bumblebee recently was reclassified into the genus " Bombus ", subgenus " Psithyrus ".
• The cuckoo bumblebees " Psithyrus " have sometimes been treated as a separate genus but are now considered to be part of " Bombus ", in one or more subgenera.
• Many species are social, forming nests of up to a few hundred individuals; other species, formerly classified as " Psithyrus " cuckoo bees, are brood parasites of nest-making species.
• The female " Psithyrus " has a number of morphological adaptations for combat, such as larger mandibles, a tough cuticle and a larger venom sac that increase her chances of taking over a nest.
• Bumblebees of the subgenus " Psithyrus " ( known as'cuckoo bumblebees', and formerly considered a separate genus ) are brood parasites, sometimes called B . sylvestris, " feeds directly from flowers.
• Once she has infiltrated a host colony, the " Psithyrus " female kills or subdues the queen of that colony, and uses pheromones and physical attacks to force the workers of that colony to feed her and her young.
• This generalist approach gives " B . bohemicus " more options, which has allowed it to occupy such a large geographical area, but it also has a lower success rate than other members of " Psithyrus ".
• Parasitic Cuckoo bees ( subgenus " Psithyrus " ), such as " Bombus bohemicus ", invade the hives of other bumblebees, mimicking species-and colony-specific chemical signals to enter the hive without being attacked by host workers.
• Parasitic ( cuckoo ) bumblebees ( formerly " Psithyrus ", now included in " Bombus " ) resemble their hosts more closely than would be expected by chance, at least in areas like Europe where parasite-host co-speciation is common.
• Many species of " Bombus ", including the group sometimes called " Psithyrus " ( cuckoo bumblebees ), have evolved M黮lerian mimicry, where the different bumblebees in a region resemble each other, so that a young predator need only learn to avoid any of them once.
• In the case of the parasitism of " B . terrestris " by " B . ( Psithyrus ) vestalis ", genetic analysis of individuals captured in the wild showed that about 42 % of the host species'nests at a single location had " [ lost ] their fight against their parasite ".
• "' Cuckoo bumblebees "'are members of the subgenus " "'Psithyrus " "'in the bumblebee genus " usurps the nest : she kills or subdues the queen of that colony and forcibly ( using pheromones and / or physical attacks ) " enslaves " the workers of that colony to feed her and her developing young.
• After several days, the invading queen begins ejecting host larvae from their brood cells and eating host eggs and then begin to lay her own eggs into host-constructed wax cells after another few days . " B . bohemicus " and other " Psithyrus " queens have a more powerful sting and mandibles as well as generally thicker exoskeleton than their hosts, granting an advantage in conflicts.
• Members of the " Psithyrus " genus will often maul other members of the host colony, which indirectly decreases the number of eggs laid in the host colony . " B . bohemicus " does not demonstrate this behavior, and actually has worse chances of survival in nests where there is not a dominant queen present, due to increased aggression by " B . affinis " members.