stenoses การใช้

• Revascularization of symptomatic stenoses has a much higher therapeutic index compared to asymptomatic lesions.
• Multiple stenoses are typically present ( mean 8 : range 1-25 ).
• These stenoses can be more adequately identified and assessed with catheter cerebral venography and manometry.
• :Note that stenoses aren't necessarily uniform, and that the unobstructed lumen won't necessarily be circular in cross-section.
• In stenoses classified as ischemic, the wave-free period provided a similar reduction in microvascular resistance as adenosine-mediated hyperaemia over the whole cardiac cycle.
• In a manner similar to FFR, iFR can be used to measure the haemodynamic change induced by stent placement and detect the impact of any residual stenoses.
• Stenoses can be slowly progressive, whereas plaque ulceration is a sudden event that occurs specifically in atheromas with thinner / weaker fibrous caps that have become " unstable ".
• If ABIs are abnormal the next step is generally a lower limb stenoses found in the x-ray can be identified and treated by atherectomy, angioplasty or stenting.
• Magnetic resonance angiography ( MRA ) also can be used to identify vertebrobasilar stenoses or occlusions, but it can often overestimate the degree of stenosis, or wrongly show stenosis as an occlusion.
• Repeated plaque ruptures, ones not resulting in total lumen closure, combined with the clot patch over the rupture and healing response to stabilize the clot is the process that produces most stenoses over time.
• Next came bypass surgery, to plumb transplanted veins, sometimes arteries, around the stenoses and more recently angioplasty, now including stents, most recently drug coated stents, to stretch the stenoses more open.
• Next came bypass surgery, to plumb transplanted veins, sometimes arteries, around the stenoses and more recently angioplasty, now including stents, most recently drug coated stents, to stretch the stenoses more open.
• Ma, Harry; Kandil, Abdullah; Haqqani, Omar P .; et al ., Endovascular treatment of stenoses in a pediatric patient with incomplete Aortic Duplication, Mesenteric Ischemia, and Renovascular Hypertension.
• It can help identify which spinal nerve is actually irritated as a supplement to routine spinal MRI . Standard spinal MRI only demonstrates the anatomy and numerous stenoses that may or may not actually cause nerve impingement symptoms.
• The use of two simple mnemonics may help differentiate systolic and diastolic murmurs; PASS and PAID . " Pulmonary and " aortic " stenoses are " systolic while " pulmonary and " aortic " insufficiency ( regurgitation ) are " diastolic.
• Review of prior cross-sectional imaging or a venogram of the IVC is performed before deploying the filter to assess for potential anatomic variations, thrombi within the IVC, or areas of stenoses, as well as to estimate the diameter of the IVC . Rarely, ultrasound-guided placement is preferred in the setting of contrast allergy, renal insufficiency, and when patient immobility is desired.
• When stenoses are flow limiting, Pd and Pa pressures over the wave-free period diverge; a normal ratio is 1.0 and iFR values of below 0.90 suggest flow limitation . iFR can be calculated using dedicated consoles available for medical use and typically uses an average over 5 heart beats but can be performed using a single heart beat . iFR is measured at rest, without the need for pharmacological vasodilators or stressors and compares well to other invasive and non-invasive markers of ischemia or flow limitation.