syngamus การใช้

• Earthworm transport hosts are important factors in the transmission of " Syngamus trachea " when poultry and game birds are reared on soil.
• Intermediate hosts, although not fully known, may be earthworms ( an intermediate host for the genus " Syngamus " ), snails, or arthropods.
• In a study of 105 juvenile robins, 77.1 % were infected with one or more species of endoparasite, with " Syngamus " species the most commonly encountered, found in 57.1 % of the birds.
• There is also evidence to suggest that strains of " Syngamus trachea " from wild bird reservoir hosts may be less effective in domestic birds; if they have an earthworm transport host rather than direct infections via ingestion of L3s, or eggs containing L3s.
• Notable species within the Syngamidae family include " Syngamus trachea ", commonly known as the gapeworm, which infests birds, and " Mammomonogamus laryngeus ", which is a parasite of ungulates, cats, and orangutans, and which can accidentally infect humans.
• Although the complete life cycle of " M . laryngeus " is not fully known due to the rareness of the parasite in humans, the parasite is thought to adopt a life cycle similar to " Syngamus trachea ", the common gapeworm infection in birds that was initially thought to be mammomonogamiasis.