zalcitabine การใช้

• Since zalcitabine is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor it possesses activity only against retroviruses.
• The sale and distribution of zalcitabine has been discontinued since December 31, 2006.
• The drug, zalcitabine ( ddC ), has been available in the United States since September 1994.
• Additionally, zalcitabine should not be used with other drugs that can cause peripheral neuropathy, such as didanosine and stavudine.
• Zalcitabine appears less potent than some other nucleoside RTIs, has an inconvenient three-times daily frequency and is associated with serious adverse events.
• Major side effects include pancreas problems and a nerve disorder that affects the hands and feet . ddC ( Hivid, zalcitabine )-- Roche Holding AG
• Resistance to abacavir has developed in laboratory versions of HIV which are also resistant to other HIV-specific antiretrovirals such as lamivudine, didanosine and zalcitabine.
• Horwitz was also first to synthesize stavudine ( d4T ) and zalcitabine ( ddC )-two other reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the treatment of HIV patients.
• Part of the increase was due to adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs like ddI ( didanosine ), ddC ( zalcitabine ) and d4T ( stavudine ).
• Patients in the study had 3TC or a placebo added to standard drugs, either AZT ( zidovudine ), ddI ( didanosine ) or ddC ( zalcitabine ).
• In addition, scientists in the NCI played an important role in the discovery and development of important AIDS drugs including zidovudine ( AZT ), didanosine ( ddI ), and zalcitabine ( ddC ).
• A large study paid for by Fauci's institute and reported last week found that AZT was less effective than another drug, didanosine, or ddI, and also less effective than combinations of AZT with either ddI or zalcitabine ( ddC ).
• In the era before multiple drug classes were available ( pre-1997 ), the reverse transcriptase inhibitors zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and lamivudine were used serially or in combination leading to the development of multi-drug resistant mutations.
• Zalcitabine was the third antiretroviral to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for the treatment of HIV / AIDS . It was approved on June 19, 1992 as a monotherapy and again in 1996 for use in combination with zidovudine ( AZT ).
• The nucleoside analogs acyclovir ( ACV ), zidovudine ( AZT ), didanosine ( ddI ), zalcitabine ( ddC ), lamivudine ( 3TC ), stavudine ( d4T ), trifluridine, didenosine, abacavir, adefovir, cidofovir and tenofovir has been associated with Fanconi syndrome.
• In one large national trial, for instance, AZT alone _ the first and for years the standard therapy for AIDS _ was markedly worse in terms of disease progression or death compared to single-drug treatment with didanosine, or DDI, or combinations of AZT with DDI and zalcitabine, or DDC.
• He joined the American National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1982, working initially on Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 before switching his attention to HIV . His identification of AZT as an anti-HIV drug, as well as the anti-HIV properties of didanosine and zalcitabine, was made in 1985.
• During the first years of the AIDS epidemic, he co-developed zidovudine ( AZT ), didanosine ( ddI ), and zalcitabine ( ddC ), which were the first effective drugs licensed for the treatment of AIDS . In 1989, he was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to be Director of the NCI . In this position he oversaw the development of a number of new therapies for cancer including paclitaxel ( Taxol ).
• Drug / / Usual adult dose and special requirements Nucleoside analogues Retrovir / / 2 100-mg capsules, 3 times a day-- ( zidovudine, AZT ) Epivir / / 1 150-mg tablet, 2 times a day-- ( lamivudine, 3TC ) Videx / / 2 100-mg tablets, 2 times a day-- ( didanosine, ddI ) Must take on empty stomach without alcohol Hivid / / 1 0.75-mg tablet, 3 times a day-- ( zalcitabine, ddC ) Cannot be used with Videx or antacids Zerif / / 1 40-mg capsule, 2 times a day-- ( stavudine, d4T ) Protease inhibitors Invirase / / 3 200-mg capsules, 3 times a day-- ( saquinavir mesylate ) Must take within 2 hours of a full meal Crixivan / / 2 400-mg capsules, 3 times a day-- ( indinavir ) Must take on an empty stomach one hour before or two hours after a meal.