astrocytic การใช้

• The identity of the astrocytic factors is not yet known.
• Another important caveat of the astrocytic response to CNS injuries is its heterogeneity.
• Loss of heterozygosity for FAT1 has been reported in primary oral carcinomas and astrocytic tumours.
• Therefore, when referring to the presence of the scars is better to use the equivalent term Astrocytic fibrillary gliosis
• They are believed to be swollen axonal bodies, but some evidence exists that they may be astrocytic in origin.
• Endothelial cells restrict the diffusion of microscopic objects ( e . g ., bacteria ) and large or astrocytic endfeet.
• This experiment was performed with human astrocytic cells and showed that TNFa has the ability to activate the ERVWE-1 promoter through a NF-?B element.
• Astrocyte cell projections called astrocytic feet ( also known as " glia limitans " ) surround the endothelial cells of the BBB, providing biochemical support to those cells.
• Further observations of young and old monkeys have proven that the younger subjects have thinner membranes with fewer layers of astrocytic processes while the older monkeys possess much thicker membranes.
• It is important to promote process formation similar to 3D " in vivo " conditions, because astrocytic process morphology is essential in guiding directionality of regenerating axons.
• Tumors of presumed or known astrocytic lineage other than the malignant astrocytomas include a variety of tumors categorized by histology, location, age of onset, and natural history.
• Along with progenitor cells, thin astrocytic processes and blood vessels also play an important role in the migration of neuroblasts, suggesting that the blood vessels may act as a scaffold.
• Clearance of soluble proteins, waste products, and excess extracellular fluid is accomplished through convective bulk flow of the ISF, facilitated by / astrocytic aquaporin 4 ( AQP4 ) water channels.
• AQP4 + NMO is currently considered an autoimmune disease ( autoimmune astrocytopathy, or autoimmune astrocytic channelopathy ) in which a person's own immune system attacks the astrocytes of the optic nerves and spinal cord.
• In addition to neurons, Greenough has reported sensitivity to experience in astrocytes and vasculature, studying processes within the brain including angiogenesis, myelination, the hypertrophy of astrocytic glial cells and the astrocyte ensheathment of neurons.
• However, it is generally thought that ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling can be attributed to oxidative stress that glutamine can exert on the cell, as well as the creation of free radicals that may cause astrocytic damage.
• It is difficult for researchers to accept that excess intracellular glutamine produced in response to hyperammonemia is the direct cause of astrocytic cell swelling and therefore brain edema, however scientific data is beginning to support the effect that glutamine may have on other chemical reactions that occur in the brain such as the generation of free radicals.
• Decreased glutamine, coupled with elevated GABA, has also suggested disruption of the glutamine-glutamate shuttle which ultimately provides for astrocytic glutamine as a precursor for neuronal glutamate and GABA . This disruption has the potential to impair glutamate homeostasis and may lead to uncoupling of the normal balance between glutamatergic excitatory activity and GABAergic inhibition, and may be responsible for the convulsive seizures that are observed in this disorder.