batrachotoxin การใช้

• Batrachotoxin kills by permanently blocking nerve signal transmission to the muscles.
• Batrachotoxin activity is temperature-dependent, with a maximum activity at.
• These both have effects antagonistic to those of batrachotoxin on sodium flux.
• Batrachotoxin renders muscles inactive and is one of the deadliest natural substances known.
• Batrachotoxin R is more toxic than related batrachotoxin A.
• Batrachotoxin R is more toxic than related batrachotoxin A.
• Although generally classified as a neurotoxin, batrachotoxin has marked effects on heart muscles.
• Batrachotoxin was derived from the Greek word " b醫rachos " " frog ".
• Later, they learned that the feathers and other organs of the pitohui were found to contain batrachotoxin.
• Batrachotoxin induces a massive release of acetylcholine in nerves and muscles and destruction of synaptic vesicles, as well.
• Poison darts made from either fresh or fermented batrachotoxin are enough to drop monkeys and birds in their tracks.
• The pitohui, the ifrita, and the rufous or little shrikethrush sequester batrachotoxin in their skin and feathers.
• Batrachotoxin also alters the ion selectivity of the ion channel by increasing the permeability of the channel toward larger cations.
• Batrachotoxin attacks the sodium channels of nerve cells, but the frog has special sodium channels the poison cannot harm.
• Batrachotoxin interferes with heart conduction, causing arrhythmias, extrasystoles, ventricular fibrillation and other changes which lead to cardiac arrest.
• Interestingly, batrachotoxin not only keeps voltage-gated sodium channels open, but it also reduces the single-channel conductance.
• In layman's terms, batrachotoxin binds to and irreversibly opens the sodium channels of nerve cells such that they cannot reset.
• The poison dart frogs don't produce it, they get it from the beetles they eat; see the ref in batrachotoxin # Source.
• Batrachotoxin ( BTX ) irreversibly binds to the Na + channels which causes a conformational change in the channels that forces the sodium channels to remain open.
• Batrachotoxin in the PNS produces increased permeability ( selective and irreversible ) of the resting cell membrane to sodium ions, without changing potassium or calcium concentration.