coumaric การใช้

• It is an ester formed from coumaric acid and tartaric acid.
• Honey produced by bees from natural sources contains pollen derived p-coumaric acid, an antioxidant.
• Plant biosyntheses starting with cinnamic acid is rare compared to the more common p-coumaric acid.
• Furthermore, navy bean is the richest source of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid among the common bean varieties.
• Phenylalanine is lysated into cinnamic acid, followed by hydroxylation by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase to yield 4-coumaric acid.
• A series of enzymatic hydroxylations and methylations leads to coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, 5-hydroxyferulic acid and sinapic acid.
• Three natural phenolic glucosides, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, p-coumaric acid glucoside and ferulic acid glucoside, can be found in commercial breads containing flaxseed.
• However, the same mechanism, which involves coumaric acids, starts about 15 minutes after damage, and fails to switch off in harvested tubers.
• A series of enzymatic hydroxylations and methylations leads to coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, 5-hydroxyferulic acid, and sinapic acid.
• Three natural phenolic glucosides, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, p-coumaric acid glucoside, and ferulic acid glucoside, can be found in commercial breads containing flaxseed.
• This biosynthesis is noteworthy because plant biosyntheses employing cinnamic acid as a starting point are rare compared to the more common use of p-coumaric acid.
• A 2013 study found that " p "-Coumaric acid, which is normally present in honey, assists bees in detoxifying certain pesticides.
• It is found in " Brettanomyces bruxellensis ", a yeast responsible of the presence of ethyl phenols in wine formed from p-coumaric acid.
• It is found in the rumen of sheep fed with dried grass and is produced by hydrogenation of the 2-propenoic side chain of p-coumaric acid.
• Phloretic acid is found in the rumen of sheep fed with dried grass and is produced by hydrogenation of the 2-propenoic side chain of p-coumaric acid.
• Some plants, mainly monocotyledonous, use tyrosine to synthesize p-coumaric acid by the action of the bifunctional enzyme Phenylalanine / tyrosine ammonia-lyase ( PTAL ).
• The para position of the ring is then hydroxylated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme cinnamate 4-hydroxylase ( C4H / P450 ) to create " p "-coumaric acid.
• The enzyme 4-hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase, induced in bacteria species such as " Klebsiella oxytoca ", works also with p-coumaric acid analogs such as E-2, 4-dihydroxycinnamic acid.
• There are many other acids in small quantities : citric acid, ascorbic acid, ?-ketoglutaric, fumaric acid, galacturonic acid, coumaric acid, etc . Their variable quantity varies the pH of the wort.
• The 4-coumaric acid is again hydroxylated by cinnamate / coumarate 2-hydroxylase to yield 2, 4-dihydroxy-cinnamic acid followed by a bond rotation of the unsaturated bond adjacent to the carboxylic acid group.