disutility การใช้

• Schedule delay can be measured as a utility ( or, rather, a disutility ).
• Classical economics tended to stress the benefits of opportunity-or disutility-cost of the inputs that make up the product.
• The usefulness of spanning the market appears to be limited ( or, equivalently, the disutility of incomplete markets is not great ).
• Unless, that is, you subscribe to the view of former mayor Terry Goddard, that Phoenix is approaching the marginal disutility of suburban sprawl.
• :the equality of the real wage to the marginal disutility of employment . . . realistically interpreted, corresponds to the absence of  involuntary unemployment.
• The Small model of scheduling has the disutility of schedule delay decrease linearly towards zero as the actual arrival ( or departure ) time approaches the desired time.
• Other versions of negative utilitarianism differ in how much weight they give to negative well-being ('disutility') compared to positive well-being ( positive utility ).
• If the goal is to maximize profits, then an optimal incentive will be one that encourages workers to balance the risk imposed by the employee for poor performance and the marginal disutility of effort.
• In such a case, the disutility of a monetary loss could be outweighed by the combined expected utility of monetary and non-monetary gain, thus making the purchase a rational decision for that individual.
• He set the utilitarian foundations for highly progressive taxation, arguing that the optimal distribution of taxes should be such that'the marginal disutility incurred by each taxpayer should be the same'( Edgeworth, 1897 ).
• Put another way, the full employment and the absence of involuntary unemployment correspond to the case where the real wage equals the marginal cost to workers of supplying labor for hire on the market ( the " marginal disutility of employment " ).
• The University of Cambridge economist Joan Robinson ( 1962 ) emphasized the disutility of 1 : 1 maps and other overly detailed models : " A model which took account of all the variation of reality would be of no more use than a map at the scale of one to one ."
• The disutility of schedule delay for a late arrival or departure also increase linearly, but Small hypothesises that there can also be a fixed penalty component of schedule delay on the " late " side-e . g . arriving late for work is always bad, even if it is only slightly late.
• Keynes'innovation in this regard was twofold : First, he was to turn the mechanism that regulates savings and investment, the rate of interest, into a shell of its former self ( relegating it to the " price of money " ) by showing that supply and investment were not independent of one another and thus could not be related uniquely in terms of the balancing of disutility and utility.
• If workers have utility functions in which the expected likelihood and cost of occupational hazards enter as arguments, if they are fully informed of risks, if firms possess sufficient information on worker expectations and preferences ( directly or through revealed preferences ), if safety is costly to provide and not a public good, and if risk is fully transacted in anonymous, perfectly competitive labor markets, then workers will receive wage premia that exactly offset the disutility of assuming greater risk of injury or death.
• Hawtrey points to a defect in the theory of an elastic supply of labour based on marginal utilities of product and effort, in " Trade and Credit " ( 1928 ) . while a difference between the marginal utility of the product and the disutility of effort may prompt an additional supply of labour " in the simple case of a man working on his own account " ( 1928, p . 148 ), Hawtrey argues, this is not the general case since : " the decision as to the output to be undertaken is in the hands of a limited number of employers, and the workmen in the industry are passively employed by them for the customary hours at the prevailing rates of wages " ( 1928, p . 149 ).