halorhodopsin การใช้

• Peak absorbance of the halorhodopsin retinal complex is about 570 nm.
• Halorhodopsin has been the subject of much study and its structure is accurately known.
• After bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin may be the best type I ( microbial ) opsin studied.
• In optogenetics, a trafficking sequence from Kir2.1 has been added to halorhodopsin to improve its membrane localization.
• Halorhodopsin uses the energy of green / yellow light to move chloride ions into the cell, overcoming the membrane potential.
• Type I opsins ( like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin ) are used in optogenetics to switch on or off neuronal activity.
• Thus halorhodopsin and channelrhodopsin together enable multiple-color optical activation, silencing, and desynchronization of neural activity, creating a powerful neuroengineering toolbox.
• Halorhodopsin isoforms can be found in multiple species of halobacteria, including " Halobacterium salinarum ", and " Natronobacterium pharaonis ".
• Recently, photoinhibition, the inhibition of neural activity with light, has become feasible with the application of molecules such as the light-activated chloride pump halorhodopsin to neural control.
• Many molecules have homology to bacteriorhodopsin, including the light-driven chloride pump halorhodopsin ( for which the crystal structure is also known ), and some directly light-activated channels like channelrhodopsin.
• Together, blue-light activated channelrhodopsin-2 and the yellow light-activated chloride pump halorhodopsin enable multiple-color, optical activation and silencing of neural activity . ( See also Photobiomodulation)
• Instead of a chlorophyll-type receptor and electron transport chain, proteins such as halorhodopsin capture light energy with the aid of diterpenes to move ions against the gradient and produce ATP via chemiosmosis in the manner of mitochondria.
• Just as the blue-light activated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 opens up the ability to activate excitable cells ( such as neurons, muscle cells, pancreatic cells, and immune cells ) with brief pulses of blue light, halorhodopsin opens up the ability to silence excitable cells with brief pulses of yellow light.
• The proteins from halobacteria include bacteriorhodopsin and "'archaerhodopsin "', which are light-driven proton pumps; halorhodopsin, a light-driven chloride pump; and "'sensory rhodopsin "', which mediates both photoattractant ( in the red ) and photophobic ( in the ultra-violet ) responses.