homoplastic การใช้

• Note that characters that are homoplastic may still contain phylogenetic signal.
• The usage of patrocladograms can skew interpretations of novel evolution or depict homoplastic.
• In phylogenetic and synapomorphies outweigh the homoplastic features to group together true sister taxa.
• Utilization of venom across a large number of species demonstrates an example of convergent evolution and a homoplastic trait.
• This provides more evidence as to why venom has become a homoplastic trait and why very different animals have convergently evolved.
• Numerous theoretical and simulation studies have demonstrated that highly homoplastic characters, characters and taxa with abundant missing data, and " wildcard " taxa contribute to the analysis.
• Of course, the only reason a homoplasy is recognizable in the first place is because there are other characters that imply a pattern of relationships that reveal its homoplastic distribution.
• Some systematists prefer to exclude characters known to be, or suspected to be, highly homoplastic or that have a large number of unknown entries ( " ? " ).
• In the whale example given above, the lack of external testicles in whales is homoplastic : It reflects a return to the condition present in ancient ancestors of mammals, whose testicles were internal.
• This is not entirely true : parsimony minimizes the number of convergences and reversals that are assumed by the preferred tree, but this may result in a relatively large number of such homoplastic events.
• Characters that are obviously homoplastic, such as white fur in different lineages of Arctic mammals, should not be included as a character in a phylogenetic analysis as they do not contribute anything to our understanding of relationships.
• Enantiornithean systematics are highly provisional and notoriously difficult to study, due to the fact hat enantiornitheans tend to be extremely homoplastic, or very similar to each other in most of their skeletal features due to convergent evolution rather than common ancestry.
• Numerous methods have been proposed to reduce the number of MPTs, including removing characters or taxa with large amounts of missing data before analysis, removing or downweighting highly homoplastic characters ( successive weighting ) or removing wildcard taxa ( the phylogenetic trunk method ) " a posteriori " and then reanalyzing the data.