octopamine การใช้

• In many types of invertebrates octopamine is an important neurotransmitter and hormone.
• In vertebrates no octopamine-specific receptors have been identified.
• In the firefly, octopamine release leads to light production in the lantern.
• Levels of stress as measured by levels of octopamine is one such contributing developmental factor.
• "' Octopamine "'is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine.
• Reward was seen to be mediated instead by octopamine, a neurotransmitter closely related to norepinephrine.
• Octopamine exerts its effects by binding to and activating receptors located on the surface of cells.
• Some, for example octopamine, are neurotransmitters in invertebrates but only a trace amine in mammals.
• In the honey bee and fruit fly, octopamine has a major role in learning and memory.
• Basically, it limits the effectiveness of octopamine, the neurotransmitter that controls muscle contraction in sudden movements.
• Receptors in the TyrR class, however, are generally more strongly activated by tyramine than by octopamine.
• The venom blocks octopamine receptors and the cockroach fails to show normal escape responses, grooming itself excessively.
• The octopus produces venom containing tetrodotoxin, histamine, tryptamine, octopamine, taurine, acetylcholine, and dopamine.
• Octopamine may also increase blood pressure significantly when combined with other stimulants, as in some weight loss supplements.
• In mammals, octopamine is a trace amine, and no biological function has been solidly established for it.
• This toxin blocks the cockroach's octopamine receptors, leaving the cockroach alive but unable to direct its movements.
• Octopamine binds weakly to receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine, but it is not clear whether this has any functional significance.
• Although Erspamer discovered its natural occurrence and named it, octopamine had actually existed for many years as a pharmaceutical product.
• Therefore, after repeated tyramine exposure, these vesicles contain an increased amount of octopamine and a relatively reduced amount of norepinephrine.
• The rank order of potency for the primary endogenous ligands at is : tyramine > ?-phenethylamine > dopamine = octopamine.