pge1 การใช้

• The negative effect of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1 / PGE2 balance may be significant.
• The conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2.
• Prostaglandin PGE1 ( Alprostadil ) binds G-protein linked cell surface receptors that activate adenylate cyclase to relax vascular smooth muscle.
• PGE1 activates T lymphocytes, inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and thrombosis, is important in gonadal function and raises cyclic AMP levels in many tissues.
• Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 ( made from AA ) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 ( made from DGLA ).
• The omega-6 dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid ( DGLA ) serves as a building block for series 1 prostaglandins ( e . g . anti-inflammatory PGE1 ), whereas arachidonic acid ( AA ) serves as a building block for series 2 prostaglandins ( e . g . pro-inflammatory PGE 2 ).
• The omega-6 dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid ( DGLA ) serves as a building block for series 1 prostaglandins ( e . g . anti-inflammatory PGE1 ), whereas arachidonic acid ( AA ) serves as a building block for series 2 prostaglandins ( e . g ., pro-inflammatory PGE 2 ).
• The PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 products formed in the pathways just cited can undergo a spontaneous dehydration reaction to form PGA2, PGA1, and PGJ2, respectively; PGJ2 may then undergo a spontaneous isomerization followed by a dehydration reaction to form in series ?12-PGJ2 and 15-deoxy-?12, 14-PGJ2.
• For example, prostaglandin E1 is abbreviated PGE1 or PGE 1, and subscripted when the context allow; but, as with many similar subscript-containing nomenclatures, the subscript is simply forgone in many database fields that can store only plain text ( such as PubMed bibliographic fields ), and readers are used to seeing and writing it without subscript.
• PGE2 and PGE1 are 20 carbon metabolites of arachidonic acid and dihomo-?-linolenic acid, respectively, with a double bond between carbons 13 and 14, a carbon-carbon bond between carbons 8 and 12 ( which establishes their cyclopentanone structure ), hydroxyl residues at carbons 11 and 15, and a ketol residue at carbon 9 . They differ in that PGE2 has, while PGE1 lacks, a double bound between carbons 5 and 6.
• PGE2 and PGE1 are 20 carbon metabolites of arachidonic acid and dihomo-?-linolenic acid, respectively, with a double bond between carbons 13 and 14, a carbon-carbon bond between carbons 8 and 12 ( which establishes their cyclopentanone structure ), hydroxyl residues at carbons 11 and 15, and a ketol residue at carbon 9 . They differ in that PGE2 has, while PGE1 lacks, a double bound between carbons 5 and 6.
• However, the same enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid to series 2 prostanoids similarly metabolize two other straight chain PUFAs : they metabolize gamma-Linolenic acid, which has one less double bond than arachidonic acid, to series 1 prostanoids ( PGD1, PGE1, etc . ), which have one less double bond than the series 2 prostanoids, and they metabolize eicosapentaenoic acid, which has one more double bond than arachidonic acid, to series 3 prostanoids ( PGD3, PGE3, etc . ), which have one more double bond than the series 2 prostanoids.
• This biochemistry sets very important limitations on the study of the cyclopentenone PGs and to a lesser extent on PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 : "'a ) "'detection of the cyclopentenone PGs in tissues may and has often reflected their formation during tissue preparation; "'b ) "'detection of PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 in tissues may be underestimated because of losses due to their conversion to cyclopentenone PGs; "'c ) "'the activities, as studied in vitro or in vivo, of PGJ2 may reflect its conversion to ?12-PGJ2 or 15-deoxy-?12, 14-PGJ2, those of ?12-PGJ2 may reflect its conversion to 15-deoxy-?12, 14-PGJ2, and those of PGE2, PGE1, or PGD2 may reflect their conversion to any of the cyclopentenone PGs; and "'d ) "'the attachment of these compounds, similar to that in other Michael reactions, is reversible and therefore may be underestimated or go undetected in studies.
• This biochemistry sets very important limitations on the study of the cyclopentenone PGs and to a lesser extent on PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 : "'a ) "'detection of the cyclopentenone PGs in tissues may and has often reflected their formation during tissue preparation; "'b ) "'detection of PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 in tissues may be underestimated because of losses due to their conversion to cyclopentenone PGs; "'c ) "'the activities, as studied in vitro or in vivo, of PGJ2 may reflect its conversion to ?12-PGJ2 or 15-deoxy-?12, 14-PGJ2, those of ?12-PGJ2 may reflect its conversion to 15-deoxy-?12, 14-PGJ2, and those of PGE2, PGE1, or PGD2 may reflect their conversion to any of the cyclopentenone PGs; and "'d ) "'the attachment of these compounds, similar to that in other Michael reactions, is reversible and therefore may be underestimated or go undetected in studies.
• This biochemistry sets very important limitations on the study of the cyclopentenone PGs and to a lesser extent on PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 : "'a ) "'detection of the cyclopentenone PGs in tissues may and has often reflected their formation during tissue preparation; "'b ) "'detection of PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 in tissues may be underestimated because of losses due to their conversion to cyclopentenone PGs; "'c ) "'the activities, as studied in vitro or in vivo, of PGJ2 may reflect its conversion to ?12-PGJ2 or 15-deoxy-?12, 14-PGJ2, those of ?12-PGJ2 may reflect its conversion to 15-deoxy-?12, 14-PGJ2, and those of PGE2, PGE1, or PGD2 may reflect their conversion to any of the cyclopentenone PGs; and "'d ) "'the attachment of these compounds, similar to that in other Michael reactions, is reversible and therefore may be underestimated or go undetected in studies.