phoronid การใช้

• As of 2010 there are no indisputable body fossils of phoronids.
• Various parasites infest phoronids'body cavities, digestive tract and tentacles.
• It is unknown whether phoronids have any significance for humans.
• One phoronid species is unpalatable to many epibenthic predators.
• Their branching colonies may have been made by phoronids.
• In some habitats populations of phoronids reach tens of thousand of individuals per square meter.
• This method is used by the related phoronids and bryozoans, and also by pterobranchs.
• Phoronids live for about one year.
• Characteristic organisms include burrowing clams, polychaete worms, decapod crustaceans, amphipods, phoronids and anemones.
• Phoronids do not ventilate their trunks with oxygenated water, but rely on anoxic and hypoxic environments.
• The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has not listed any phoronid species as endangered.
• Most adult phoronids are 2 cm long and about 1.5 mm wide, although the largest are 50 cm long.
• Under this hypothesis, the Phoronid worms share a similar evolutionary history; molecular data also appear to indicate their membership of Brachiopoda.
• One species builds colonies by budding or by splitting into top and bottom sections, and all phoronids reproduce sexually from spring to autumn.
• Although predators of phoronids are not well known, they include fish, gastropods ( snails ), and nematodes ( tiny roundworms ).
• Nielsen views the brachiopods and closely related phoronids as affiliated with the deuterostome pterobranchs because their lophophores are driven by one sessile and fed by means of tentacles.
• Instead, it concluded that brachiopods and phoronids formed a monophyletic group, but bryozoans ( ectoprocts ) were closest to entoprocts, supporting the original definition of " Bryozoa ".
• Later works were published in English and focused on several invertebrate groups, such as flatworms, annelids, tardigrades, onychophorans, nemertines, phoronids, gastropods, and pycnogonids.
• Palaeontology 54, 253 286 . ( doi : 10.1111 / j . 1475-4983.2010.01031 . x ) lies somewhere in the phoronid stem lineage.
• Brachiopods have a lophophore, a coiled, rigid cartilaginous internal apparatus adapted for filter feeding, a feature shared with two other major groups of marine invertebrates, the bryozoans and the phoronids.