photospheric การใช้

• Photospheric magnetism appears to be the primary cause ( 96 % ) of 1996-2013 TSI variation.
• Spectral analysis of the star showed that photospheric Si II and He I lines display a simultaneous, periodic variability.
• The primary driver of TSI changes on solar rotational and sunspot cycle timescales is the varying photospheric coverage of these radiatively active solar magnetic structures.
• A team of astronomers working in the near-infrared announced in 2004, that the more accurate photospheric measurement was 43.33 ?0.04 mas.
• Careful radial velocity measurements have made it possible to detect the Rossiter McLaughlin effect, the shifting in photospheric spectral lines caused by the planet occulting a part of the rotating stellar surface.
• The temperature has been calculated from the spectrum using a DUSTY model, giving an effective photospheric temperature of 3, 600 K and a temperature of 900 K for the surrounding dust torus.
• The other is magnetic heating, in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events nanoflares.
• The debate about differences between measurements in the mid-infrared, which suggest a possible expansion and contraction of the star, and the near-infrared, which advocates a relatively constant photospheric diameter, remains to be resolved.
• Depending on the polarity of the photospheric foot point, the heliospheric magnetic field spirals inward or outward; the magnetic field follows the same shape of spiral in the northern and southern parts of the heliosphere, but with opposite field direction.
• The rationale for the 20 radii formation is that the carbon condensation temperature is 1, 500 K, while the photospheric dust model was formulated by the 20 radii model's failure to explain the fast decline of the RCBs'light curves just before reaching minimum.
• The K-corona ( K for " kontinuierlich ", " continuous " in German ) is created by sunlight scattering off free electrons; Doppler broadening of the reflected photospheric absorption lines completely obscures them, giving the spectral appearance of a continuum with no absorption lines.
• The nominal values were adopted to help astronomers avoid confusion when quoting stellar radii in units of the Sun's radius, even when future observations will likely refine the Sun's actual photospheric radius ( which is currently only known to about the +-100-200 km accuracy ).
• The fact that the Harvard classification of a star indicated its surface or photospheric temperature ( or more precisely, its effective temperature ) was not fully understood until after its development, though by the time the first Hertzsprung Russell diagram was formulated ( by 1914 ), this was generally suspected to be true.
• The alternate theory of " photospheric buildup of carbon dust " in a 4, 500-6, 500 K temperature environment could be explained by condensations in the low pressure parts of shock fronts  being detected in the atmosphere of RY Sagittarii  a condensation that causes local runaway cooling, allowing carbon dust to form.
• Thornhill either ignores or dismisses all the negative evidence such as ( i ) the absence of x-rays in coronal holes ( which should be produced by infalling electrons for which no evidence exists beyond the wishful thinking of Thornhill and star-struck acolytes such as Amy & Mel Acheson writing for Thoth and Atlantis Rising, and Don Scott, an electrical engineer, who in parroting Ralph Juergens in Kronos IV : 4, 1979, also fails to understand the importance of the Reynolds Number in defining turbulence in photospheric granulation . ), ( ii ) the proof that granulation in the Sun's photosphere is an expression of convection, ( iii ) the mere existence of the solar wind in which no inflowing electrons have been detected, ( iv ) the absence of characteristic particles from the nuclear fusion claimed to occur in the photosphere, etc ., etc . The model lacks rigorous mathematical support.