prometaphase การใช้

• One of the cell cycle checkpoints occurs during prometaphase and metaphase.
• Both Aurora B and MCAK localize to the inner centromere during prometaphase.
• These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• Scheme showing cell cycle progression between prometaphase and anaphase.
• Aurora A also assures proper organization and alignment of the chromosomes during prometaphase.
• DYNLT3 binds to BUB3, a spindle checkpoint protein is present on kinetochores at prometaphase.
• During prometaphase, CDC20 and the SAC proteins concentrate at the kinetochores before attachment to the spindle assembly.
• In late prometaphase, " kinetochore microtubules " begin to search for and attach to chromosomal kinetochores.
• The preprophase band also functions in properly orienting the mitotic spindle, and contributes to efficient spindle formation during prometaphase
• As one of the checkpoint proteins, Bub3 delays the irreversible onset of anaphase through direction of kinetochore localization during prometaphase
• Nocodazole is frequently used in cell biology laboratories to synchronize the spindle assembly checkpoint, causing the cell to arrest in prometaphase.
• At prometaphase when the nuclear membrane dissociates and spindle microtubules cross over the nuclear region, survivin stays put at the centromeres.
• Therefore, the early stages in the cell cycle, beginning in prophase and until around prometaphase, the nuclear membrane is dismantled.
• In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane breaks apart into numerous " membrane vesicles ", and the chromosomes inside form protein structures called kinetochores.
• In the absence of Plk1 function, bipolar spindle formation does not occur and cells arrest in prometaphase owing to Spindle Assembly Checkpoint activation.
• Specifically, Aurora B localizes to the chromosomes in prophase, the centromere in prometaphase and metaphase, and the central mitotic spindle in anaphase.
• Most notably, CENP-A is a target of Aurora B . The phosphorylation of CENP-A by Aurora B reaches a maximum in prometaphase.
• Localization of Aurora B to the centromere during prometaphase and metaphase requires phosphorylation of the mammalian kinetochore-specific histone-H3 variant centromere protein A ( CENP-A ).
• This surveillance mechanism assures correct segregation of chromosomes during cell division by detecting unaligned chromosomes and causing prometaphase arrest until the proper bipolar attachment of chromosomes is achieved . [ supplied by OMIM]
• All human autosomes have been identified and mapped by extracting the chromosomes from a cell arrested in metaphase or prometaphase and then staining them with some sort of dye ( most commonly chromosome 13.