superstratum การใช้

• Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways.
• The Longshan tribes formed a superstratum over Yangshao culture.
• In this case, however, the superstratum refers to influence, not language succession.
• They left a superstratum in the Germanic languages and a substratum in the development of Insular Celtic.
• Langobardic made an impact as a superstratum, as did the languages of later Spanish, French and Austrian rulers.
• However some scholars suggested they were Thracian, Sarmatian, Slavic, Germanic, Celtic, or Dacian with a Celtic superstratum.
• By reinforcing a connection to the familiar world of touch, the frames also scuttle the notion that abstraction belongs to a rarefied superstratum of experience.
• Language contact can occur at language borders, between adstratum languages, or as the result of migration, with an intrusive language acting as either a superstratum or a substratum.
• In France, Germanic language continued to be spoken among the kings and nobility until the time of the superstratum language over the existing Proto-Romance language spoken by the populace.
• It consists of limestone, with a superstratum of pliocenic and volcanic masses, and was once an island; its highest point is 811 meters ( 2661 feet ) above sea-level.
• Karip鷑a French Creole's semi-passive verbal adjective form may, rather than the result of a superstratum French influence, be a construction derived from one of Karip鷑a's many substratum languages.
• Despite other influences ( e . g . " substratum " from pre-Roman languages, especially Continental Celtic languages; and " superstratum " from later SVO sentence structure and make extensive use of prepositions.
• The " superstratum " case refers to migratory elite populations which eventually adopt the local language ( an example would be the Burgundians and Franks in France, who eventually abandoned their Germanic dialects in favor of Romance ).
• The substratum-superstratum distinction becomes awkward when multiple superstrata must be assumed ( such as in Papiamentu ), when the substratum cannot be identified, or when the presence or the survival of substratal evidence is inferred from mere typological analogies.
• It is important to note that underlying the Bell beaker superstratum existed a wide diversity in local burial styles ( including incidences of cremation rather than burial ), housing styles, economic profile and local coarse ceramic wares which continued to persist.
• Other evidence he adduces for a Semitic superstratum include a Semitic influence on the Germanic form of the Indo-European ablaut system and similarities between Germanic paganism and Mesopotamian mythology, for instance the parallelism between Freyja and Ishtar, goddesses of war and love.
• Through market globalization, the tendency Marx described in the Neil Smith argues, " [ n ] o part of the earth s surface, the atmosphere, the oceans, the geological substratum, or the biological superstratum are immune from transformation by capital ."
• If the association of Battle Axe cultures with Indo-European languages is correct, then Fatyanovo would be a culture with an Indo-European superstratum over a Uralic substratum, and may account for some of the linguistic borrowings identified in the Indo-Uralic thesis.
• Whether the superstratum case ( the local language persists and the intrusive language disappears ) or the substratum one ( the local language disappears and the intrusive language persists ) applies will normally only be evident after several generations, during which the intrusive language exists within a diaspora culture.
• Laade s picture ( 1968 ) of Australian and Papuan settlement in Torres Strait supports the above scenario of Papuan and Austronesian speakers who shifted to an Australian language over a long period of time, the Austronesians being culturally a superstratum, however not in a position to impose their language.