supraoptic การใช้

• Fibers from supraoptic nuclei are concerned with ADH secretion; paraventricular nuclei with oxytocin.
• These neurons project to the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus to regulate the activity of vasopressin-secreting neurons.
• Secretin is found in the magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and along the neurohypophysial tract to neurohypophysis.
• Supraoptic neurons are unusual because of the large amounts of peptide that they secrete, and because they secrete the peptides into the blood.
• Most of the circulating oxytocin and vasopressin hormones are synthesized in magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
• However, many of the direct inputs to the supraoptic nucleus come from neurons just outside the nucleus ( the " perinuclear zone " ).
• Suckling by the baby stimulates the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, which signals to the posterior pituitary gland to produce oxytocin.
• The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, are stored in the posterior lobe and released from axon endings ( dendrites ) within the lobe.
• It is the most ventral part of the diencephalon and contains three regions : the supraoptic region, the tuberal region, and the mammillary region.
• HAP1 also shows a similar CNS distribution pattern to that of neural nitric oxide synthase ( pedunculopontine nuclei, the supraoptic nucleus, and the olfactory bulb.
• There is a high expression of GPER, as well as ER?, in oxytocin neurons in various parts of the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus.
• Of the afferent inputs to the supraoptic nucleus, most contain either the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA or the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, but these transmitters often co-exist with various peptides.
• Nesfatin / NUCB2 expression has been reported to be modulated by starvation and re-feeding in the Paraventricular nucleus ( PVN ) and supraoptic nucleus ( SON ) of the brain.
• Because so much vasopressin and oxytocin are released at this site, studies of the supraoptic nucleus have made an important contribution to understanding how release from dendrites is regulated, and in understanding its physiological significance.
• The cell bodies of the oxytocin and vasopressin neurons are in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus, respectively, and the electrical activity of these neurons is regulated by afferent synaptic inputs from other brain regions.
• Dynorphin acts through ?-opioid receptors, and is widely distributed in the CNS, including in the spinal cord and hypothalamus, including in particular the arcuate nucleus and in both oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus.
• Based on its inhibitory actions on CREB phosphorylation, increased RASD1 in vasopressin-expressing neurons may be essential in controlling the transcriptional responses to stressors in both the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus via modulation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway.
• The expression of CCL2 in neurons is mainly found in the cerebral cortex, globus pallidus, hippocampus, paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei, lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, facial nuclei, motor and spinal trigeminal nuclei, gigantocellular reticular nucleus and in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.
• These peptides have relatively long half-lives in the brain ( about 20 minutes in the CSF ), and they are released in large amounts in the supraoptic nucleus, and so they are available to diffuse through the extracellular spaces of the brain to act at distant targets.
• Occupying the posterior part of the commissure of the optic chiasma is a strand of fibers, the "'Ventral supraoptic decussation "'( "'commissure of Gudden "', "'Gudden's inferior commissure "'), which is not derived from the optic nerves; it forms a connecting link between the medial geniculate bodies.