sympathoadrenal การใช้

• Furthermore, reduced sympathoadrenal responses can cause hypoglycemia unawareness.
• Metabolism, or the processes within living cells or organisms to maintain life, is affected by the sympathoadrenal system, especially glucose and fat metabolism.
• Alpha amylase levels in saliva provide a non-invasive way to examine sympathoadrenal medullary ( SAM ) activity, which can otherwise be measured with electrophysiological equipment or blood plasma readings.
• By shifting glycemic thresholds for the sympathoadrenal ( including epinephrine ) and the resulting neurogenic responses to lower plasma glucose concentrations, antecedent hypoglycemia leads to a vicious cycle of recurrent hypoglycemia and further impairment of glucose counterregulation.
• This has led to the hypothesis of sympathoadrenal hyperactivity ( results from removing tonic inhibition from the sympathetic nervous system ) as an etiological mechanism for NMS . Release of calcium is increased from the sarcoplasmic reticulum with antipsychotic usage.
• The release of adrenocorticotropic hormone is usually regulated within the sympathoadrenal system as it is tasked with maintenance of homeostasis; however, there are certain cases in which the levels of adrenocorticotropic hormones may be in excess, causing hypertension, or even diastolic blood pressure, along with the increase in the heart rate of the individual.
• In support of the sympathoadrenal hyperactivity model proposed, it has been hypothesized that a defect in calcium regulatory proteins within the sympathetic neurons may bring about the onset of NMS . This model of NMS strengthens its suspected association with malignant hyperthermia in which NMS may be regarded as a neurogenic form of this condition which itself is linked to defective calcium-related proteins.